Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: Dec. 1, 2023
Fragile
X
syndrome
(FXS)
is
a
genetic
neurodevelopmental
disorder
characterized
by
intellectual
disability
and
related
to
autism.
FXS
caused
mutations
of
the
fragile
messenger
ribonucleoprotein
1
gene
(Fmr1)
associated
with
alterations
in
neuronal
network
excitability
several
brain
areas
including
hippocampus.
The
loss
protein
affects
oscillations,
however,
effects
on
hippocampal
sharp
wave-ripples
(SWRs),
an
endogenous
pattern
contributing
memory
consolidation
have
not
been
sufficiently
clarified.
In
addition,
it
still
known
whether
dorsal
ventral
hippocampus
are
similarly
affected
FXS.
We
used
Fmr1
knock-out
(KO)
rat
model
electrophysiological
recordings
from
CA1
area
adult
slices
assess
spontaneous
evoked
neural
activity.
find
that
SWRs
multiunit
activity
but
KO
hippocampus,
while
complex
spike
bursts
remain
normal
both
segments
Local
increases
Furthermore,
specifically
rats
we
found
increased
effectiveness
inhibition
suppressing
excitation
upregulation
α1GABAA
receptor
subtype.
These
changes
accompanied
striking
reduction
its
susceptibility
induced
epileptiform
propose
segment
reorganized
Fmr1-KO
means
balanced
between
ensure
generation
preventing
at
same
time
derailment
toward
hyperexcitability.
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: May 19, 2022
Synaptic
plasticity
is
a
critical
process
that
regulates
neuronal
activity
by
allowing
neurons
to
adjust
their
synaptic
strength
in
response
changes
activity.
Despite
the
high
proximity
of
excitatory
glutamatergic
and
inhibitory
GABAergic
postsynaptic
zones
functional
integration
within
dendritic
regions,
concurrent
has
historically
been
underassessed.
Growing
evidence
for
pathological
disruptions
excitation
inhibition
(E/I)
balance
neurological
neurodevelopmental
disorders
indicates
need
an
improved,
more
"holistic"
understanding
interplay.
There
continues
be
long-standing
focus
on
persistent
strengthening
(excitatory
long-term
potentiation;
eLTP)
its
role
learning
memory,
although
importance
potentiation
(iLTP)
depression
(iLTD)
become
increasingly
apparent.
Emerging
further
points
dynamic
dialogue
between
synapses,
but
much
remains
understood
regarding
mechanisms
extent
this
exchange.
In
mini-review,
we
explore
calcium
signaling
crosstalk
play
regulating
excitability.
We
examine
current
knowledge
synapse
responses
perturbances
activity,
with
induced
short-term
pharmacological
treatments
which
act
either
enhance
or
reduce
excitability
via
ionotropic
receptor
regulation
culture.
To
delve
deeper
into
potential
crosstalk,
discuss
influence
key
regulatory
proteins,
including
kinases,
phosphatases,
structural/scaffolding
proteins.
Finally,
briefly
suggest
avenues
future
research
better
understand
synapses.
Brain,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
146(7), P. 2694 - 2710
Published: Feb. 20, 2023
Abstract
Epileptogenesis
in
infants
with
tuberous
sclerosis
complex
(TSC)
is
a
gradual
and
dynamic
process,
leading
to
early
onset
difficult-to-treat
seizures.
Several
cellular,
molecular
pathophysiologic
mechanisms,
including
mammalian
target
of
rapamycin
(mTOR)
dysregulation,
GABAergic
dysfunction
abnormal
connectivity,
may
play
role
this
epileptogenic
process
also
contribute
the
associated
developmental
encephalopathy.
Disease-specific
antiseizure
medications
or
drugs
targeting
mTOR
pathway
have
proved
be
effective
TSC-associated
epilepsy.
Pre-symptomatic
administration
vigabatrin,
drug,
delays
seizure
reduces
risk
subsequent
epileptic
encephalopathy,
such
as
infantile
spasms
syndrome
Lennox–Gastaut
syndrome.
Everolimus,
rapamycin-derived
inhibitor,
frequency,
especially
younger
patients.
This
evidence
suggests
that
everolimus
should
considered
course
Future
trials
are
needed
optimize
use
determine
whether
earlier
correction
dysregulation
can
prevent
progression
encephalopathies
mitigate
their
severity
TSC.
Clinical
several
other
potential
(cannabidiol
ganaxolone)
contributing
mechanisms
underway.
review
provides
an
overview
different
biological
occurring
parallel
interacting
throughout
life
course,
even
beyond
individuals
These
complexities
highlight
challenges
faced
preventing
treating
TSC-related
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(10), P. 5549 - 5549
Published: May 19, 2024
Parvalbumin
expressing
(PV+)
GABAergic
interneurons
are
fast
spiking
neurons
that
provide
powerful
but
relatively
short-lived
inhibition
to
principal
excitatory
cells
in
the
brain.
They
play
a
vital
role
feedforward
and
feedback
synaptic
inhibition,
preventing
run
away
excitation
neural
networks.
Hence,
their
dysfunction
can
lead
hyperexcitability
increased
susceptibility
seizures.
PV+
also
key
players
generating
gamma
oscillations,
which
synchronized
oscillations
associated
with
various
cognitive
functions.
interneuron
particularly
vulnerable
aging
degeneration
has
been
decline
memory
impairment
dementia
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD).
Overall,
of
disrupts
normal
excitatory/inhibitory
balance
within
specific
neurocircuits
brain
thus
linked
wide
range
neurodevelopmental
neuropsychiatric
disorders.
This
review
focuses
on
dysfunctional
inhibitory
generation
epileptic
seizures
potential
as
targets
design
future
therapeutic
strategies
treat
these
Recent
research
using
cutting-edge
optogenetic
chemogenetic
technologies
demonstrated
they
be
selectively
manipulated
control
restore
activity
brains
animal
models.
suggests
could
important
developing
treatments
for
patients
epilepsy
comorbid
disorders,
such
AD,
where
directly
deficits.
Bioscience Reports,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
44(5)
Published: April 4, 2024
Chloride
is
a
key
anion
involved
in
cellular
physiology
by
regulating
its
homeostasis
and
rheostatic
processes.
Changes
Cl-
concentration
result
differential
regulation
of
functions
such
as
transcription
translation,
post-translation
modifications,
cell
cycle
proliferation,
volume,
pH
levels.
In
intracellular
compartments,
modulates
the
function
lysosomes,
mitochondria,
endosomes,
phagosomes,
nucleus,
endoplasmic
reticulum.
extracellular
fluid
(ECF),
present
blood/plasma
interstitial
compartments.
A
reduction
levels
ECF
can
volume
contraction.
physiological
principal
compensatory
ion
for
movement
major
cations
Na+,
K+,
Ca2+.
Over
past
25
years,
we
have
increased
our
understanding
signaling
mediated
Cl-,
which
has
helped
molecular
metabolic
changes
observed
pathologies
with
altered
Here,
review
various
organs
channels
responsible
transportation,
recent
information
on
roles.
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
65(12), P. 1596 - 1606
Published: May 28, 2023
To
elucidate
the
etiological
aspects
of
autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
in
succinic
semialdehyde
dehydrogenase
deficiency
(SSADHD),
related
to
dysregulation
γ-aminobutyric
acid
(GABA)
and
imbalance
excitatory
inhibitory
neurotransmission.In
this
prospective,
international
study,
individuals
with
SSADHD
underwent
neuropsychological
assessments,
as
well
biochemical,
neurophysiological,
neuroimaging
evaluations.Of
29
(17
females)
enrolled
(median
age
[IQR]
10
years
5
months
[5
11
months-18
1
month]),
16
were
diagnosed
ASD.
ASD
severity
significantly
increased
(r
=
0.67,
p
<
0.001)
but
was
inversely
correlated
plasma
GABA
-0.67,
γ-hydroxybutyrate
levels
-0.538,
0.004),
resting
motor
threshold
measured
by
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation
-0.44,
0.03).
A
discriminative
analysis
indicated
that
an
older
than
7
2
(p
0.004)
less
2.47
μM
0.01)
are
values
beyond
which
likelihood
presenting
is
increased.ASD
prevalent
not
universal
SSADHD,
it
can
be
predicted
lower
GABA-related
metabolites.
increases
loss
cortical
inhibition.
These
findings
add
insight
into
pathophysiology
may
facilitate
its
early
diagnosis
intervention
SSADHD.
Journal of Neuroscience Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
102(5)
Published: May 1, 2024
Gamma
aminobutyric
acid
(GABA)
is
a
critical
inhibitory
neurotransmitter
in
the
central
nervous
system
that
plays
vital
role
modulating
neuronal
excitability.
Dysregulation
of
GABAergic
signaling,
particularly
involving
cotransporters
NKCC1
and
KCC2,
has
been
implicated
various
pathologies,
including
epilepsy,
schizophrenia,
autism
spectrum
disorder,
Down
syndrome,
ischemia.
facilitates
chloride
influx,
whereas
KCC2
mediates
efflux
via
potassium
gradient.
Altered
expression
function
these
have
associated
with
excitotoxicity,
inflammation,
cellular
death
ischemic
events
characterized
by
reduced
cerebral
blood
flow,
leading
to
compromised
tissue
metabolism
subsequent
cell
death.
inhibition
emerged
as
potential
therapeutic
approach
attenuate
intracellular
accumulation
mitigate
damage
during
events.
Similarly,
targeting
which
regulates
efflux,
holds
promise
for
improving
outcomes
reducing
under
conditions.
This
review
emphasizes
roles
GABA,
NKCC1,
pathologies
their
targets.
Inhibiting
or
activity
represents
promising
strategy
damage,
preventing
neurological
following
Furthermore,
exploring
interactions
between
natural
compounds
NKCC1/KCC2
provides
additional
avenues
interventions
injury.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
11(23), P. 3860 - 3860
Published: Nov. 30, 2022
Numerous
studies
recently
showed
that
the
inhibitory
neurotransmitter,
γ-aminobutyric
acid
(GABA),
can
stimulate
cerebral
angiogenesis
and
promote
neurovascular
coupling
by
activating
ionotropic
GABAA
receptors
on
cerebrovascular
endothelial
cells,
whereas
role
of
metabotropic
GABAB
is
still
unknown.
Preliminary
evidence
receptor
stimulation
induce
an
increase
in
Ca2+
levels,
but
underlying
signaling
pathway
remains
to
be
fully
unraveled.
In
present
investigation,
we
found
GABA
evoked
a
biphasic
elevation
[Ca2+]i
was
initiated
inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-
nicotinic
adenine
dinucleotide
phosphate-dependent
release
from
neutral
acidic
stores,
respectively,
sustained
store-operated
entry.
were
both
required
trigger
response.
Unexpectedly,
signal
flux-independent
manner
via
receptors.
Likewise,
full
response
requires
functional
This
study,
therefore,
sheds
novel
light
molecular
mechanisms
which
controls
at
unit.