Postmortem neuropathology in COVID-19

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 301 - 310

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Diffuse changes in the brain in the acute phase of COVID-19 and after infection

Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 87(1), P. 5 - 5

Published: Feb. 12, 2025

There is no consolidated opinion on the pathogenesis of neurological manifestations COVID-19, especially after infection. A significant contribution to understanding mechanisms neuropathology in COVID-19 can be made by detailed morphologic studies brain with assessment changes different regions during periods infection process. Objective. Clarification nature and intracerebral virus invasion postinfection. Material methods. The study included 15 patients who died acute phase (11 people) or an (4 without a history focal diseases. In each case, 9 areas were assessed, including cortex, hippocampus, brainstem (pons medulla oblongata), cerebellum, basal ganglia, central parts olfactory system. addition histological study, immunohistochemical was performed using antibodies against CD8, Iba1, as well SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S1 N) semi-quantitative circulatory disorders, microglial reaction expression S1 protein brain. Results. neuropathological picture similar post-infectious phases COVID-19: microcirculatory diffuse cerebral edema, ischemic-hypoxic neuronal changes, accumulations corpora amylacea, gliosis, small mainly perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates predominance CD8+ T cells, moderate reaction, accumulation N not detected most pronounced observed brainstem, oblongata, cerebellum. severity structural did correlate disease duration. response Conclusion. identified are nonspecific vascular disorders stem accumulate neurons year more

Language: Английский

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Driving under viral impairment: Linking acute SARS-CoV-2 infections to elevated car crash risks

PLOS Global Public Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 5(4), P. e0004420 - e0004420

Published: April 8, 2025

This study explores the linkage between acute SARS-CoV-2 and car crashes across U.S. states, correlating with COVID-19 mitigation strategies, vaccination rates, Long COVID prevalence. investigation analyzed aggregate crash data spanning 2020–2023, collection occurring March May 2024. Analysis was done via a Poisson regression model, adjusted for population. Key variables included status, month-specific effects relating to initial pandemic shutdowns, rates. Results demonstrated significant association infections an increase in crashes, independent of status tune OR 1.25 [1.23-1.26]. observed despite varying efforts rates states. The found no protective effect against challenging prior assumptions about benefits vaccination. Notably, risk associated be analogous driving impairments seen alcohol consumption at legal limits. Findings suggest implications public health policies, especially assessing readiness individuals recovering from engage high-risk activities such as pilots or nuclear plant employees. Further research is necessary establish causation explore exact within CNS affecting cognition behavior.

Language: Английский

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Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Neuroimmunologic Complications

Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Dec. 18, 2024

During the past decade (and beyond), neurologists have become aware of emergence, persistence, and consequences some familiar new infections affecting nervous system. Even among CNS infections, such as herpes virus, polyoma virus/JC, influenza, arbovirus, hepatitis, challenges remain in developing effective antiviral treatments postinfection sequelae. With changing environment increased global travel, arthropod vectors that mediate zoonotic disease transmission spread unfamiliar viruses West Nile dengue, chikungunya, equine encephalitis, Zika, others. Although health impact these diseases has not risen to COVID-19 HIV, it is likely dramatically increase with continued emergence animal-to-human mediated by those vectors. Furthermore, specific virus-targeting or vaccines for arboviral are yet available, this represents a major challenge limiting morbidity infections. By contrast, HIV-1, originated direct from nonhuman primates humans (as early 1930s), after many years intense study, now targeted highly drugs can limit infection extend human life all populations. dramatic therapeutic effects suppressing HIV replication, neurologic dysfunction (primarily cognitive impairment) affects significant numbers persons living HIV. This emphasizes only importance treating underlying but also legacy initial even therapy. Notably, rapid SARS-CoV-2 was met implementation therapies. resulted lowering mortality infection. Nonetheless, postinfectious complications (long COVID) more costly emerging worldwide. Developing therapies penetrate CNS, vaccines, target host immune responses metabolic will be necessary management infectious established

Language: Английский

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Microglia influence immune responses and restrict neurologic disease in response to central nervous system infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: Nov. 30, 2023

Intracranial (i.c.) inoculation of susceptible mice with a glial-tropic strain mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), murine coronavirus, results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by viral persistence white matter tracts accompanied chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination. Microglia serve numerous functions including maintenance the healthy central nervous system (CNS) are among first responders to injury or infection. More recently, studies have demonstrated that microglia aid tailoring innate adaptive immune responses following infection neurotropic viruses flaviviruses, herpesviruses, picornaviruses. These findings emphasized important role for host defense against these pathogens. In addition, also critical optimizing immune-mediated control JHMV replication within CNS while restricting severity demyelination enhancing remyelination. This review will highlight our current understanding molecular cellular mechanisms which defense, limit neurologic disease, promote repair coronavirus.

Language: Английский

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Role of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Brain Cells

Viral Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(2), P. 61 - 78

Published: Feb. 5, 2024

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can have neurological effects, including cognitive symptoms like brain fog and memory problems. Research on effects of COVID-19 is ongoing, factors such as inflammation, disrupted blood flow, damage to vessels may contribute symptoms. Notably, some authors existing evidence suggest that virus enter central nervous system through different routes, olfactory nerve bloodstream. infection has been associated with altered consciousness, headaches, dizziness, mental disorders. The exact mechanisms impact formation shrinkage are still being studied. This review will focus pathways blood–brain barrier disruption, it then highlight interactions cell types in brain, namely neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia.

Language: Английский

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HIV and COVID-19: two pandemics with significant (but different) central nervous system complications.

PubMed, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause significant neurologic disease. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of HIV has been extensively studied, with well-documented invasion into the brain in initial stage infection, while effects SARS-CoV-2 are unclear. Neuropathologic features active infection well characterized whereas neuropathologic findings COVID-19 largely non-specific. On other hand, substrates chronic dysfunction both infections, as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) post-COVID conditions (PCC)/long COVID unknown. Thus far, studies on patients HAND era combined antiretroviral therapy have inconclusive, autopsy diagnosed PCC yet to be published. Further longitudinal, multidisciplinary comparison controls warranted help elucidate mechanisms CNS conditions.

Language: Английский

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Characterizing neuroinvasion and neuropathology of SARS-CoV-2 by using AC70 human ACE2 transgenic mice

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Sept. 24, 2024

COVID-19 presents with a plethora of neurological signs and symptoms despite being characterized as respiratory disease, including seizures, anxiety, depression, amnesia, attention deficits, alterations in consciousness. The olfactory nerve is widely accepted the neuroinvasive route by which etiological agent SARS-CoV-2 enters brain, but trigeminal an often-overlooked additional route. Based on this consensus, we initially conducted pilot experiment investigating neuroinvasion via intranasal inoculation AC70 human ACE2 transgenic mice. Notably, found that ganglion early highly efficient site viral replication, then rapidly spread throughout brain where neurons were primarily targeted. Despite extensive infection across obvious evidence tissue pathology inflammatory infiltration, glial activation, apoptotic cell deaths not consistently observed, albeit cytokines significantly induced. However, expression levels different genes related to neuronal function, neurotransmitter dopamine pathway well synaptic markers damage altered compared mock-infected Our findings suggest may serve complementary ensuing presented unique neuropathological profile. This study provides insights into potential neuropathogenic mechanisms utilized coronaviruses.

Language: Английский

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Acute and long-term SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurodegeneration processes—circulus vitiosus

Acta Virologica, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 68

Published: Oct. 15, 2024

The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has had a devastating impact. Although many survived the acute effects pandemic, significant number survivors, including those with only mild symptoms, are now experiencing prolonged and debilitating post-viral syndrome known as LC/PASC (long COVID/post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2). Typical symptoms include fatigue, breathlessness, chest pain, impaired cognition, difficulty sleeping, fever gastrointestinal symptoms. Anxiety depression can also last for weeks to months range from disabling. association between neuropsychiatric infection raises questions about possible routes entry central nervous system (CNS) long-term virus on CNS, their molecular basis, potential risk neuronal damage associated subsequent development neurodegenerative diseases.

Language: Английский

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Persistent dysfunctions of brain metabolic connectivity in long-covid with cognitive symptoms

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 15, 2024

Language: Английский

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