The vagal paradox: A polyvagal solution

Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16, P. 100200 - 100200

Published: Aug. 9, 2023

Although there is a consistent literature documenting that vagal cardioinhibitory pathways support homeostatic functions, another less frequently cited implicates in compromises to survival humans and other mammals. The latter usually associated with threat reactions, chronic stress, potentially lethal clinical conditions such as hypoxia. Solving this 'vagal paradox' studies conducted the neonatal intensive care unit served motivator for Polyvagal Theory (PVT). paradox resolved when different functions of fibers originating two anatomically distinguishable brainstem areas are recognized. One pathway originates dorsal area known motor nucleus vagus ventral ambiguus. Unlike mammals, all ancestral vertebrates from which mammals evolved, primarily originate vagus. Thus, nerve 'poly' because it contains distinct efferent pathways. Developmental evolutionary biology identify migration culminate an integrated circuit has been labeled complex. This complex consists interneuronal communication source nuclei involved regulating striated muscles head face via special visceral system enables coordination regulation heart sucking, swallowing, breathing, vocalizing forms basis social engagement allows sociality be potent neuromodulator resulting calm states promote function. These biobehavioral features, dependent on maturation complex, can compromised preterm infants. informs us immature mammal (e.g., fetus, infant) not fully functional myelinization complete; neuroanatomical profile may potentiate impact vulnerability confirmed clinically life-threatening reactions apnea bradycardia human newborns, hypothetically mediated through chronotropic Neuroanatomical research documents distribution neurons representing these varies among changes during early development. By explaining solution human, paper highlights provides scientific foundation testing hypotheses generated by PVT.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of Maternal Gut Microbiota during Pregnancy on Fetal Gut–Brain Axis Development and Life-Long Health Outcomes

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(9), P. 2199 - 2199

Published: Aug. 31, 2023

Gut microbiota plays a critical role in physiological regulation throughout life and is specifically modified to meet the demands of individual stages during pregnancy. Maternal gut uniquely adapted pregnancy mother developing fetus. Both animal studies pregnant germ-free rodents human have supported association between composition maternal fetal development. may also contribute development gut-brain axis (GBA), which increasingly recognized for its health disease. Most consider birth as time GBA activation focus on postnatal This review focuses prenatal period impact It hypothesized that adaptation maturation postnatally. Consequently, factors affecting pregnancy, such obesity, diet, stress depression, infection, medication, affect are activity Altered gestation has been shown long-term postnatally multigenerational effects. Thus, understanding crucial managing fetal, neonatal, adult health, should be included among public priorities.

Language: Английский

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A review study of fetal circulatory models to develop a digital twin of a fetus in a perinatal life support system

Frontiers in Pediatrics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Sept. 21, 2022

Background Preterm birth is the main cause of neonatal deaths with increasing mortality and morbidity rates decreasing GA at time birth. Currently, premature infants are treated in intensive care units to support further development. However, organs of, especially, extremely (born before 28 weeks GA) not mature enough function optimally outside womb. This seen as high this group. A liquid-filled incubator, a so-called PLS system, could potentially improve these numbers for infants, since system designed mimic environment natural To development implementation such complex interpret vital signals fetus during operation, digital twin proposed. mathematical model connected manikin representing physical real-life system. Before developing its functional technical requirements defined existing models evaluated. Method results review summarizes 0D 1D fetal circulatory that be (partly) adopted integration based on predefined requirements. The typically describe hemodynamics and/or oxygen transport specific events, transition from neonate. Furthermore, can used find hemodynamic differences between healthy pathological physiological states. Rather than giving global description an entire cardiovascular some studies focus or vessels. In order analyze pressure flow wave profiles transmission line used. As now, do include transport. Conclusion study shows none identified literature meet all relevant Nevertheless, it does show potential develop by integrating (parts) into single model.

Language: Английский

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Heart Rate Variability and Pregnancy Complications: Systematic Review

Interactive Journal of Medical Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12, P. e44430 - e44430

Published: March 28, 2023

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is known as a critical regulatory for pregnancy-induced adaptations. If it fails to function, life-threatening pregnancy complications could occur. Hence, understanding and monitoring the underlying mechanism of action these are necessary.

Language: Английский

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Evaluation of fetal cardiac morphology and function by fetal heart quantification technique in the normal second and third trimesters

Translational Pediatrics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(7), P. 1106 - 1118

Published: July 1, 2024

The study of fetal heart is receiving increasing attention. Fetal quantification (Fetal HQ) technology a new speckle tracking that can analyze the 24-segment morphology and function ventricles. This aims to use HQ assess changes in structure normal mid late pregnancy, providing foundation for clinical application cardiac technology.

Language: Английский

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Role of stress and early-life stress in the pathogeny of inflammatory bowel disease

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18

Published: Sept. 10, 2024

Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have shown that stress is one of the main environmental factor playing a significant role in pathogeny life-course bowel diseases. However, stressful events occur early life, even during fetal leave different traces within central nervous system, area involved response autonomic network but also emotion, cognition memory regulation. Early-life can disrupt prefrontal-amygdala circuit thus favoring an imbalance system hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, resulting anxiety-like behaviors. The down regulation vagus nerve cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway favors pro-inflammatory conditions. Recent data suggest emotional abuse at life are aggravating risk factors inflammatory disease. This review aims to unravel mechanisms explain consequences pathophysiology disease their mental co-morbidities. A therapeutic potential will be covered.

Language: Английский

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Fetal Hippocampal Connectivity Shows Dissociable Associations with Maternal Cortisol and Self-Reported Distress during Pregnancy

Life, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(7), P. 943 - 943

Published: June 23, 2022

Maternal stress can shape long-term child neurodevelopment beginning in utero. One mechanism by which is transmitted from mothers to their offspring via alterations maternal cortisol, cross the placenta and bind glucocorticoid receptor-rich regions fetal brain, such as hippocampus. Although prior studies have demonstrated associations between prenatal cortisol levels with brain development, we lack information about extent these originate birth confounding postnatal influences. Pregnant (n = 77) completed questionnaires current perceived stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety provided three four salivary samples, a resting-state functional MRI scan during second or third trimester of pregnancy (mean gestational age 32.8 weeks). Voxelwise seed-based connectivity analyses revealed that higher self-reported distress corresponded dissociable differences hippocampal connectivity. Specifically, was correlated increased positive coupling hippocampus right posterior parietal association cortex, while associated stronger dorsal anterior cingulate cortex left medial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, distress, but not on moderated sex. These results suggest peripheral may development through unique mechanisms.

Language: Английский

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Bidirectional crosstalk between the peripheral nervous system and lymphoid tissues/organs

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Sept. 12, 2023

The central nervous system (CNS) influences the immune generally by regulating systemic concentration of humoral substances (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), whereas peripheral (PNS) communicates specifically with according to local interactions/connections. An imbalance between components PNS might contribute pathogenesis further development certain diseases. In this review, we have explored "thread" (hardwiring) connections primary/secondary/tertiary lymphoid tissues/organs) sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric systems (ENS)) in health disease

Language: Английский

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Putting back respiration into respiratory sinus arrhythmia or high-frequency heart rate variability: Implications for interpretation, respiratory rhythmicity, and health

Biological Psychology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 185, P. 108728 - 108728

Published: Dec. 11, 2023

Language: Английский

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Vanishing twins, selection in utero, and infant mortality in the United States

Evolution Medicine and Public Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 5 - 13

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives Research to identify fetal predictors of infant mortality among singletons born in the United States (US) concludes that poorly understood unmeasured “confounders” produce a spurious association between size death. We argue these confounders include Vanishing Twin Syndrome (VTS)—the clinical manifestation selection against frail male twins utero. test our argument 276 monthly conception cohorts conceived US from January 1995 through December 2017. Methodology use Box-Jenkins transfer function modeling hypothesis infants 2017, sex ratio 37th week gestation will correlate inversely with singleton males at 40th gestation. Results find support for infer contribution survivors VTS temporal variation hardiest infants, those 40 weeks gestation, ranged decrease about 7% an increase 5% over cohorts. Conclusions Implications conclude evolutionary perspective on loss makes heretofore “unmeasured confounder” relationship both explicable measurable. This finding may help clinicians better anticipate changes time incidence mortality.

Language: Английский

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