Ascorbate and its transporter SVCT2: The dynamic duo's integrated roles in CNS neurobiology and pathophysiology

Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 212, P. 448 - 462

Published: Jan. 3, 2024

Ascorbate is a small antioxidant molecule essential for the proper development and function of brain. transported into brain between cells via Sodium vitamin C co-transporter 2 (SVCT2). This review provides an in-depth analysis ascorbate's physiology, including how ascorbate absorbed from food CNS, emphasizing cellular mechanisms recycling release in different CNS compartments. Additionally, delves various functions its impact on epigenetic modulation, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission. It also emphasizes role neuromodulation involvement neurodevelopmental processes disorders. Furthermore, it analyzes relationship duo ascorbate/SVCT2 neuroinflammation, particularly effects microglial activation, cytokine release, oxidative stress responses, highlighting association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Overall, this crucial dynamic physiology pathology need further research to fully comprehend significance neurobiological context potential therapeutic applications.

Language: Английский

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Revealing visual working memory operations with pupillometry: Encoding, maintenance, and prioritization

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(2)

Published: Nov. 6, 2023

Abstract Pupillary dynamics reflect effects of distinct and important operations visual working memory: encoding, maintenance, prioritization. Here, we review how pupil size predicts memory performance it provides novel insights into the mechanisms each operation. Visual information must first be encoded with sufficient precision. The depth this encoding process couples to arousal‐linked baseline as well a constriction response before after stimulus onset, respectively. Subsequently, is maintained over time ensure not lost. Pupil dilation reflects effortful maintenance information, wherein storing more items accompanied by larger dilations. Lastly, most task‐relevant prioritized guide upcoming behavior, which reflected in yet another dilatory component. Moreover, activated content can pupillometrically probed directly tagging luminance levels. Through luminance‐tagging mechanism, light responses reveal whether dark or bright receive attention during Together, conceptualizing sum components reveals memory. From viewpoint, pupillometry promising avenue study vital through works . This article categorized under: Psychology > Attention Memory Theory Methods

Language: Английский

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Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: historical challenges and emerging frontiers

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(12), P. 759 - 775

Published: Oct. 24, 2024

Language: Английский

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Characterization of direct Purkinje cell outputs to the brainstem

Published: Feb. 10, 2025

Purkinje cells (PCs) primarily project to cerebellar nuclei but also directly innervate the brainstem. Some PC-brainstem projections have been described previously, most not thoroughly characterized. Here we use a PC-specific cre line anatomically and electrophysiologically characterize PC synapses are surprisingly widespread, with highest densities found in vestibular parabrachial nuclei. However, there pronounced regional differences synaptic within both Large optogenetically-evoked PC-IPSCs preferentially observed subregions of synapses, suggesting that PCs selectively influence these areas behaviors they regulate. Unexpectedly, pontine central gray nearby subnuclei contained low density large small fraction cells. We combined electrophysiological recordings immunohistochemistry assess molecular identities two putative targets: onto mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were even though close proximity boutons. locus coeruleus exceedingly rare or absent, previous studies concluded major input neurons. The availability highly selective for allowed us study functional while avoiding complications can accompany viral approaches. conclude numerous brainstem nuclei, only inhibit many This suggests target cell types specific behavioral roles regions.

Language: Английский

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Characterization of direct Purkinje cell outputs to the brainstem

eLife, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Feb. 27, 2025

Purkinje cells (PCs) primarily project to cerebellar nuclei but also directly innervate the brainstem. Some PC-brainstem projections have been described previously, most not thoroughly characterized. Here, we use a PC-specific cre line anatomically and electrophysiologically characterize PC synapses are surprisingly widespread, with highest densities found in vestibular parabrachial nuclei. However, there pronounced regional differences synaptic within both Large optogenetically evoked PC-IPSCs preferentially observed subregions of putative boutons, suggesting that PCs selectively influence these areas behaviors they regulate. Unexpectedly, pontine central gray nearby subnuclei contained low density large small fraction cells. We combined electrophysiological recordings immunohistochemistry assess molecular identities two potential targets: onto mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were even though close proximity boutons; locus coeruleus exceedingly rare or absent, previous studies concluded major input neurons. The availability highly selective for allowed us study functional synapses, while avoiding complications can accompany viral approaches. conclude numerous brainstem nuclei, many strongly inhibit This suggests target cell types specific behavioral roles

Language: Английский

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Novel Dy doped BiOCl nanomaterials for electrochemical sensing of dopamine and fingerprint applications

Microchemical Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 113310 - 113310

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Biogenic Amine Metabolism and Its Genetic Variations in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Overview

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 539 - 539

Published: April 7, 2025

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetically heterogeneous syndrome characterized by repetitive, restricted, and stereotyped behaviors, along with persistent difficulties social interaction communication. Despite its increasing prevalence globally, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of this complex neurodevelopmental remain poorly understood. Therefore, identification reliable biomarkers could play crucial role in enabling early screening more precise classification ASD subtypes, offering valuable insights into physiopathology aiding customization treatment or interventions. Biogenic amines, including serotonin, histamine, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, polyamines, are class organic compounds mainly produced decarboxylation amino acids. A substantial portion genetic variation observed has been linked to genes that either directly indirectly involved metabolism biogenic amines. Their potential involvement become an area growing interest due their pleiotropic activities central nervous system, where they act as both neurotransmitters neuromodulators hormones. This review examines amines ASD, particular focus on alterations enzymes responsible for synthesis degradation.

Language: Английский

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Hypometabolism in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights from Brain and Blood Transcriptomics

Molecular Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 15, 2025

Language: Английский

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Striatal insights: a cellular and molecular perspective on repetitive behaviors in pathology

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18

Published: March 27, 2024

Animals often behave repetitively and predictably. These repetitive behaviors can have a component that is learned ingrained as habits, which be evolutionarily advantageous they reduce cognitive load the expenditure of attentional resources. Repetitive also conscious deliberate, may occur in absence habit formation, typically when are feature normal development children, or neuropsychiatric disorders. They considered pathological interfere with social relationships daily activities. For instance, people affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum Huntington’s disease Gilles de la Tourette syndrome display wide range symptoms like compulsive, stereotyped ritualistic behaviors. The striatum nucleus basal ganglia proposed to act master regulator these through its circuit connections sensorimotor, associative, limbic areas cortex. However, precise mechanisms within striatum, detailing compartmental organization, cellular specificity, intricacies downstream connections, remain an area active research. In this review, we summarize evidence across multiple scales, including circuit-level, cellular, molecular dimensions, elucidate striatal underpinning offer perspectives on implicated We consider close relationship between behavioral output transcriptional changes, thereby structural alterations, those occurring epigenetic processes.

Language: Английский

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The Therapeutic Potential of Amphetamine-like Psychostimulants

Life, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(11), P. 2180 - 2180

Published: Nov. 8, 2023

This review delves into the therapeutic applications of amphetamine-type stimulants such as lisdexamphetamine dimesylate, mixed amphetamine salts, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), dextroamphetamine, and phentermine. These compounds have been investigated for their potential in treating a range psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug dependence, post-traumatic stress (PTSD), obesity. Lisdexamphetamine dimesylate has shown promise effectively ADHD symptoms both children adults. Additionally, it explored treatment dependency withdrawal, demonstrating encouraging results. Mixed salts also exhibited efficacy reducing Future research should explore use bipolar cocaine considering associated risks benefits. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy emerged an innovative approach to PTSD, leading sustained reductions even promoting growth. Furthermore, managing anxiety related life-threatening illnesses. Dextroamphetamine phentermine demonstrated opioid ADHD, However, careful consideration monitoring by medical professionals are essential due benefits with them. In conclusion, present promising avenue interventions various conditions. Nevertheless, further is necessary comprehensively understand mechanisms action, dosage requirements, long-term effects different patient populations.

Language: Английский

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