Effects of Spike Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern on Human or Animal ACE2-Mediated Virus Entry and Neutralization

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 25, 2021

SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic agent capable of infecting humans and wide range animal species. Over the duration pandemic, mutations in Spike protein (S) have arisen circulating viral populations, culminating spread several variants concern (VOC) with varying degrees altered virulence, transmissibility, neutralizing antibody escape. In this study, we employed lentivirus-based pseudotyped viruses that express specific S substitutions cell lines stably ACE2 from nine different species to gain insights into effects VOC on entry neutralization capability. All receptors tested, except mink, support for pseudoviruses expressing parental (prototype Wuhan-1) at levels comparable human ACE2. Most single (e.g., 452R, 478K, 501Y) did not significantly change virus entry, although 614G 484K resulted decreased efficiency entry. Conversely, combinatorial were associated increased capacity compared Wuhan-1 virus. Similarly, infection studies using live ancestral (USA-WA1/2020), Alpha, Beta hamsters revealed higher replication potential variant prototype Moreover, titers sera various species, including humans, reduced by or double 501Y-484K, 452R-484K 452R-478K triple substitution 501Y-484K-417N, suggesting 452R are particularly important evading antibodies human, cat, rabbit sera. Cumulatively, study reveals host effect recently emergent antibody-mediated neutralization.

Language: Английский

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Investigating SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility in Animal Species: A Scoping Review

Environmental Health Insights, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

In the early stages of response to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it was imperative for researchers rapidly determine what animal species may be susceptible virus, under low knowledge and high uncertainty conditions. this scoping review, being evaluated susceptibility, methods used evaluate comparing evaluations between different studies were conducted. Using PRISMA-ScR methodology, publications reports from peer-reviewed gray literature sources collected databases, Google Scholar, World Organization Animal Health (OIE), snowballing, recommendations experts. Inclusion relevance criteria applied, information subsequently extracted, categorized, summarized, analyzed. Ninety seven (publications reports) identified which investigated 649 eight classes: Mammalia, Aves, Actinopterygii, Reptilia, Amphibia, Insecta, Chondrichthyes, Coelacanthimorpha. Sources four in silico, vitro, vivo, epidemiological analysis. Along with methods, how each source described "susceptibility" susceptibility varied, conflicting evident sources. Early silico most predict helped guide more costly intensive using vivo or analyses. However, limitations all must recognized, made by vitro should re-evaluated when becomes available, such as demonstrated through

Language: Английский

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Genetics for Furbearer Management and Conservation

Published: Nov. 22, 2023

adaptive genetic variation: Genetic variation detected at markers under natural selection, meaning they have a direct effect on fitness.Adaptive is generally more difficult to sample and does not reflect demographic processes as neutral does, but important for examining phenotypic traits the potential of populations.See also variation.ancient DNA (aDNA): extracted from old biological material that can originate archaeological material, museum skins or skeletal paleontological remains range in age tens years hundreds thousands old.Ancient often degraded contaminated comparison with contemporary material.conservation genetics: A field biology uses help conserve biodiversity manage species populations.Traditional include allozymes, microsatellites, targeted gene sequences obtained by Sanager sequencing.conservation genomics: genome-wide information populations.Genomic data consist millions loci across genome organisms are derived high-throughput sequencing technology.Examples whole resequencing approaches, such genotyping-by-sequencing, exome sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, transcriptome sequencing.direct sample: Tissues collected live-captured animals, animal carcasses, specimens, which requires handling live dead its body parts (Fig. 16.2).See noninvasive sample. effective population size ( N e ):The so-called ideal (e.g., number males females equal, all individuals reproduce produce an equal offspring, mating random, constant) would same rate inbreeding loss diversity due drift actual interest.For most organisms, substantially lower than size.Ne key statistic summarizing past history, assessing current health, predicting future risk extinction.environmental (eDNA): be environmental samples air, soil, water), without first isolating any target organisms.eDNA characterized complex mixture genomic many different possible degradation (i.e., molecules broken into small fragments abiotic biotic factors; Fig. 16.2). evolutionary significant unit (ESU):A group populations ecological distinctiveness warrant separate conservation priority.genetic marker: Also called molecular marker, alteration piece readily used laboratory identify cells, individuals, populations, species.Common types polymorphisms (SNPs) microsatellites.genetic monitoring: An approach quantify temporal changes metrics variation, [ ], proportions, structure, flow) other parameters distribution abundance, survival recruitment, hybridization, pathogens parasites, social dynamics, diet).genetic tagging: DNA, usually samples, generate genotypes multiple, independent each individual uniquely identified monitored over space time.The provide dispersal, pedigree reconstruction, use, survival.genome-wide association study (GWAS): evaluate genomes variants statistically associated particular trait.genotyping: The determination length sites markers) previously variable within population.

Language: Английский

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Molecular surveillance revealed no SARS-CoV-2 spillovers to raccoons (Procyon lotor) in four German federal states

European Journal of Wildlife Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 68(5)

Published: Aug. 5, 2022

Abstract Raccoons ( Procyon lotor ), which are closely related to the family Mustelidae, might be susceptible natural infection by SARS-CoV-2. This assumption is based on experimental evidence that confirmed vulnerability of farmed fur-carnivore species, including To date, there no reports SARS-CoV-2 infections raccoons in Germany. Here, we use RT-PCR analyze 820 samples from hunted Germany with a focus 4 German federal states (Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia). Lung tissues were homogenized and processed for RNA extraction RT-qPCR detecting was performed. No viral detected any (0/820). Next, compared human ACE-2 residues known serve binding receptor domain (RBD). Interestingly, found only 60% identity amino acid level, may have contributed absence raccoons. In conclusion, chance being intermediate reservoir hosts seems very low.

Language: Английский

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Pets and SARS-CoV-2: Their role in disease epidemiology

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 171 - 177

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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