Understanding human health risks caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in water environments: Current knowledge and questions to be answered

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 50(19), P. 2016 - 2059

Published: Dec. 3, 2019

Aquatic environments are identified as an ideal setting for acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, human exposure to resistant bacteria (ARB) resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic may pose additional health risk. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been suggested a suitable method evaluate quantify this However, information about the ARB ARGs is lacking many scenarios dose-response models regarding infections not developed yet. This review summarizes current knowledge highlights challenging questions remaining be answered better forecast risks caused by water environments. The include what missing needed exposing environments? markers ARB/ARGs contamination how frequently do ARG selection propagation occur there any unknown hot spots? Studies on above topics will contribute management its health.Abbreviations3GC3rd generation cephalosporinsARBAntibiotic bacteriaARGAntibiotic geneCFUColony forming unitDBPDisinfection by-productseDNAExtracellular DNAEPSExtracellular polymeric substancesHGTHorizontal gene transferISCRInsertion sequence common regionMARMultiple resistantMICMinimum inhibitory concentrationMGEMobile genetic elementsMSWMunicipal solid wasteQMRAQuantitative assessmentVBNCViable but non-culturableWWTPWastewater treatment plant

Language: Английский

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Resistance Toward Chlorhexidine in Oral Bacteria – Is There Cause for Concern?

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: March 22, 2019

The threat of antibiotic resistance has attracted strong interest during the last two decades, thus stimulating stewardship programs and research on alternative antimicrobial therapies. Conversely, much less attention been given to directly related problem toward antiseptics biocides. While bacterial resistances triclosan or quaternary ammonium compounds have considered in this context, bis-biguanide chlorhexidine (CHX) put into focus only very recently when its use was associated with emergence stable last-resort colistin. effect CHX is based damaging cytoplasmic membrane subsequent leakage material. Consequently, mechanisms conferring include multidrug efflux pumps cell changes. For instance, staphylococci it shown that plasmid-borne qac ("quaternary compound") genes encode Qac proteins recognize cationic as substrates. In Pseudomonas stutzeri, changes outer protein lipopolysaccharide profiles implicated resistance. However, little known about risk oral bacteria potential even cross-resistances antibiotics. Interestingly, there also awareness dental community though widely used practice gold-standard antiseptic for more than 40 years included a wide range care consumer products. This review provides an overview general evidence bacteria. Furthermore, work aims raise among accompanying cross-resistance We propose new directions effects biofilms.

Language: Английский

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Tackling antimicrobial resistance in the COVID-19 pandemic

Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 98(7), P. 442 - 442A

Published: July 1, 2020

Language: Английский

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Antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19: Intersections and implications

eLife, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Feb. 16, 2021

Before the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was among top priorities for global public health. Already a complex challenge, AMR now needs to be addressed in changing healthcare landscape. Here, we analyse how changes due COVID-19 terms of usage, infection prevention, and health systems affect emergence, transmission, burden AMR. Increased hand hygiene, decreased international travel, elective hospital procedures may reduce pathogen selection spread short term. However, opposite effects seen if antibiotics are more widely used as standard pathways break down. Over 6 months into pandemic, dynamics remain uncertain. We call community keep perspective while designing finely tuned surveillance research continue improve our preparedness response these intersecting challenges.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: March 24, 2020

Following a single blind, cross-over and non-randomized design we investigated the effect of 7-day use chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on salivary microbiome as well several saliva plasma biomarkers in 36 healthy individuals. They rinsed their mouth (for 1 min) twice day for seven days with placebo then repeated this protocol CHX further days. Saliva blood samples were taken at end each treatment to analyse abundance diversity oral bacteria, pH, lactate, glucose, nitrate nitrite concentrations. significantly increased Firmicutes Proteobacteria, reduced content Bacteroidetes, TM7, SR1 Fusobacteria. This shift was associated significant decrease pH buffering capacity, accompanied by an increase lactate glucose levels. Lower concentrations found after using CHX, followed trend systolic pressure. Overall, study demonstrates that containing is major microbiome, leading more acidic conditions lower availability

Language: Английский

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Hand sanitisers amid CoViD-19: A critical review of alcohol-based products on the market and formulation approaches to respond to increasing demand

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 584, P. 119431 - 119431

Published: May 16, 2020

Language: Английский

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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Chemical Class of Emerging Concern

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(20), P. 7645 - 7665

Published: May 9, 2023

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), a large class of chemicals that includes high production volume substances, have been used for decades as antimicrobials, preservatives, and antistatic agents other functions in cleaning, disinfecting, personal care products, durable consumer goods. QAC use has accelerated response to the COVID-19 pandemic banning 19 antimicrobials from several products by US Food Drug Administration 2016. Studies conducted before after onset indicate increased human exposure QACs. Environmental releases these also increased. Emerging information on adverse environmental health impacts QACs is motivating reconsideration risks benefits across life cycle their production, use, disposal. This work presents critical review literature scientific perspective developed multidisciplinary, multi-institutional team authors academia, governmental, nonprofit organizations. The evaluates currently available ecological profile identifies multiple areas potential concern. Adverse effects include acute chronic toxicity susceptible aquatic organisms, with concentrations some approaching levels Suspected or known outcomes dermal respiratory effects, developmental reproductive toxicity, disruption metabolic function such lipid homeostasis, impairment mitochondrial function. QACs' role antimicrobial resistance demonstrated. In regulatory system, how managed depends it used, example pesticides products. can result same receiving different degrees scrutiny depending agency regulating it. Further, Protection Agency's current method grouping based structure, first proposed 1988, insufficient address wide range chemistries, toxicities, scenarios. Consequently, exposures common mixtures sources remain largely unassessed. Some restrictions implemented elsewhere, primarily focused Assessing posed hampered vast structural diversity lack quantitative data majority compounds. important gaps provides research policy recommendations preserving utility chemistries while seeking limit effects.

Language: Английский

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Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Mechanism of Action, Antimicrobial Efficacy in Biofilms, and Potential Risks of Resistance

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 64(8)

Published: June 4, 2020

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious issue for public health care all over the world. While toward antibiotics has attracted strong interest among researchers and general last 2 decades, directly related problem of antiseptics biocides been somewhat left untended. In field dentistry, are routinely used in professional care, but they also included lots oral products such as mouthwashes or dentifrices, which easily available consumers over-the-counter.

Language: Английский

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Serratia marcescens Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 16(4), P. 610 - 610

Published: Feb. 20, 2019

Serratia marcescens belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, which is commonly found in water, soil, animals, insects, plants. Although S. displays relatively low virulence, it causes nosocomial infections and outbreaks severely immunocompromised or critically ill patients, particularly settings such as intensive care units (ICUs), especially neonatal (NICUs). This microorganism gives rise a wide range of clinical manifestations newborns: from asymptomatic colonization keratitis, conjunctivitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, surgical wound sepsis, bloodstream infection meningitis. The most frequent site bloodstream, followed by respiratory apparatus gastrointestinal tract. Strains involved epidemic events have frequently proved be multi-resistant. Indeed, this species intrinsic resistance several classes antibiotics. Often, specific source cannot identified. However, contaminated hands healthcare workers are believed major vehicle its transmission. In units, colonized infected newborns main potential marcescens, apparatus, but also early identification patients prompt implementation control measures, rigorous hand hygiene contact precautions, essential order curb spread infection.

Language: Английский

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Povidone Iodine: Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Role in Infection Control and Staphylococcus aureus Decolonization

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 64(9)

Published: June 22, 2020

Nasal decolonization is an integral part of the strategies used to control and prevent spread methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. The two most commonly agents for are intranasal mupirocin 2% ointment chlorhexidine wash, but increasing emergence resistance treatment failure has underscored need alternative therapies. This article discusses povidone iodine (PVP-I) as agent based on literature reviewed during expert's workshop MRSA decolonization. Compared mupirocin, respectively, PVP-I 10 7.5% solutions demonstrated rapid superior bactericidal activity against in vitro ex vivo studies. Notably, 5% were also active both chlorhexidine-resistant mupirocin-resistant strains, respectively. Unlike available reports have not observed a link between induction bacterial or cross-resistance antiseptics antibiotics. These preclinical findings translate into clinical decolonization, where significantly improved efficacy wash was effective reducing surgical site infection orthopedic surgery. Overall, these qualities make it useful decolonizing prevention S. infections, additional experimental data required further evaluate use this setting.

Language: Английский

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