Understanding chronic inflammation: couplings between cytokines, ROS, NO, Cai2+, HIF-1α, Nrf2 and autophagy DOI Creative Commons
Katarzyna Michalak,

Alicja Michalak

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: April 8, 2025

Chronic inflammation is an important component of many diseases, including autoimmune intracellular infections, dysbiosis and degenerative diseases. An element this state the mainly positive feedback between inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), increased calcium, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) stabilisation mitochondrial oxidative stress, which, under normal conditions, enhance response against pathogens. Autophagy nuclear erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant are negatively coupled with above-mentioned elements to maintain defence at a level appropriate severity infection. The current review first attempt build multidimensional model cellular self-regulation chronic inflammation. It describes feedbacks involved in explains possible pathways by which becomes chronic. multiplicity suggests that symptomatic treatment should focus on inhibiting multiple effectively suppress all dysregulated inflammation, calcium mito-stress other metabolic disturbances.

Language: Английский

Understanding chronic inflammation: couplings between cytokines, ROS, NO, Cai2+, HIF-1α, Nrf2 and autophagy DOI Creative Commons
Katarzyna Michalak,

Alicja Michalak

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: April 8, 2025

Chronic inflammation is an important component of many diseases, including autoimmune intracellular infections, dysbiosis and degenerative diseases. An element this state the mainly positive feedback between inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), increased calcium, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) stabilisation mitochondrial oxidative stress, which, under normal conditions, enhance response against pathogens. Autophagy nuclear erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant are negatively coupled with above-mentioned elements to maintain defence at a level appropriate severity infection. The current review first attempt build multidimensional model cellular self-regulation chronic inflammation. It describes feedbacks involved in explains possible pathways by which becomes chronic. multiplicity suggests that symptomatic treatment should focus on inhibiting multiple effectively suppress all dysregulated inflammation, calcium mito-stress other metabolic disturbances.

Language: Английский

Citations

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