Pharmacological Research,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
212, P. 107578 - 107578
Published: Jan. 5, 2025
Ginseng
has
been
commonly
used
as
a
traditional
Chinese
medicine
in
Asian
countries
for
thousands
of
years.
Ginsenosides
are
the
main
pharmacologically
active
ingredients
isolated
from
ginseng
and
have
neuroprotective
effects
treatment
neurodegenerative
disorders,
such
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
Alzheimer's
(AD).
To
summarise
investigate
protective
roles
ginsenosides
their
underlying
mechanisms
PD
AD,
we
''Ginsenoside",
''Parkinson's
disease",
''Alzheimer's
''anti-inflammatory",
''antioxidant",
''apoptosis"
keywords
to
search
extract
relevant
literature
information
scientific
databases
Elsevier,
PubMed,
Google
Scholar
databases.
In
particular,
network
pharmacology
identify
potential
targets
Rg1
Rb1
AD.
By
analysing
existing
research
advances
results,
found
that
ginsenosides,
primarily
mediated
through
anti-inflammation,
anti-apoptosis
anti-oxidative
stress,
etc,
may
be
associated
with
PI3K/Akt,
BDNF/TrkB,
MAPKs,
NF-κB,
Nrf2
Wnt/β-catenin
signalling
pathways.
This
review
systematically
summarises
different
Rg1,
Rb1,
rare
AD
provides
new
strategies
disorders.
Network
paradigm
using
Rb1.
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(1), P. 149 - 149
Published: Jan. 19, 2025
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD)
is
a
prevalent
neurodegenerative
disorder
marked
by
the
progressive
degeneration
of
midbrain
dopaminergic
neurons
and
resultant
locomotor
dysfunction.
Despite
over
two
centuries
recognition
as
chronic
disease,
exact
pathogenesis
PD
remains
elusive.
The
onset
progression
involve
multiple
complex
pathological
processes,
with
dysfunctional
autophagy
elevated
oxidative
stress
serving
critical
contributors.
Notably,
emerging
research
has
underscored
interplay
between
in
pathogenesis.
Given
limited
efficacy
therapies
targeting
either
dysfunction
or
stress,
it
crucial
to
elucidate
intricate
mechanisms
governing
their
develop
more
effective
therapeutics.
This
review
overviews
role
nuclear
factor
erythroid
2-related
2
(Nrf2),
pivotal
transcriptional
regulator
orchestrating
cellular
defense
against
these
processes.
By
elucidating
key
processes
PD,
this
will
deepen
our
comprehensive
understanding
multifaceted
underlying
may
uncover
potential
strategies
for
its
prevention
treatment.
Antioxidants,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
14(1), P. 78 - 78
Published: Jan. 10, 2025
Lipid
metabolism
plays
a
critical
role
in
maintaining
cellular
integrity,
especially
within
the
nervous
system,
where
lipids
support
neuronal
structure,
function,
and
synaptic
plasticity.
However,
this
essential
metabolic
pathway
is
highly
susceptible
to
oxidative
stress,
which
can
lead
lipid
peroxidation,
damaging
process
induced
by
reactive
oxygen
species.
peroxidation
generates
by-products
that
disrupt
many
functions,
with
strong
impact
on
proteostasis.
In
review,
we
explore
of
oxidation
protein
folding
its
associated
pathological
implications,
particular
focus
findings
neurodegeneration
from
Caenorhabditis
elegans
studies,
an
animal
model
remains
underutilized.
Additionally,
highlight
effectiveness
different
methodologies
applied
nematode
deepen
our
understanding
intricate
process.
system
any
animal,
including
mammals
invertebrates,
disturb
delicate
balance
homeostasis,
leading
build-up
toxic
by-products,
misfolding,
key
factors
neurodegenerative
diseases.
This
disruption
contributes
pathogenesis
disorders
such
as
Alzheimer's,
Parkinson's,
or
Huntington's
disease.
The
studies
offer
valuable
insights
into
these
complex
processes
potential
avenues
for
developing
targeted
therapies
mitigate
disease
progression.
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(2), P. 214 - 214
Published: Feb. 2, 2025
α-Synuclein
(α-Syn)
is
implicated
in
the
pathophysiology
of
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD)
and
plays
a
significant
role
neuronal
degeneration.
Iron
response
proteins
(IRPs)
bind
to
iron
elements
(IREs)
found
5′-untranslated
regions
(5′-UTRs)
messenger
RNA
that
encode
α-Syn
gene.
This
study
used
multi-spectroscopic
approach
techniques
investigate
impact
on
IRE
binding
IRP1.
The
formation
stable
complex
between
IRP1
was
suggested
by
fluorescence
quenching
results.
Fluorescence
measurements
showed
had
strong
interaction,
with
constant
(Ka)
21.0
×
106
M−1
1:1
stoichiometry.
About
one
site
per
molecule
binding.
Ka
for
RNA•IRP1
added
Fe2+
(50
μM)
6.4
μM−1.
When
added,
reduced
3.3
times.
These
acquired
values
were
further
understand
thermodynamic
characteristics
interactions.
properties
clearly
an
entropy-favored
enthalpy-driven
event,
negative
ΔH
small
positive
ΔS.
For
RNA•IRP1,
Gibbs
free
energy
(ΔG)
−43.7
±
2.7
kJ/mol,
but
presence
Fe2+,
it
−36.3
2.1
kJ/mol.
calculations
indicated
hydrogen
bonding
as
well
van
der
Waals
interactions
might
help
stabilize
formation.
Additionally,
far-UV
CD
spectra
verified
formation,
induce
secondary
structural
alteration
According
our
findings,
alters
complexes
induces
change
suggests
selectively
affects
thermodynamics
these
RNA–protein
Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(1), P. 19 - 19
Published: Dec. 23, 2023
The
term
“neuroinflammation”
defines
the
typical
inflammatory
response
of
brain
closely
related
to
onset
many
neurodegenerative
diseases
(NDs).
Neuroinflammation
is
well
known,
but
its
mechanisms
and
pathways
are
not
entirely
comprehended.
Some
progresses
have
been
achieved
through
efforts
research.
Consequently,
new
cellular
molecular
mechanisms,
diverse
conventional,
emerging.
In
listing
some
those
that
will
be
subject
our
description
discussion,
essential
important
roles
peripheral
infiltrated
monocytes
clonotypic
cells,
alterations
in
gut–brain
axis,
dysregulation
apelinergic
system,
endothelial
glycocalyx
component
neuronal
vascular
units,
variations
expression
genes
levels
encoding
molecules
by
action
microRNAs
(miRNAs),
or
other
epigenetic
factors
distinctive
transcriptional
factors,
as
role
autophagy,
ferroptosis,
sex
differences,
modifications
circadian
cycle.
Such
can
add
significantly
understanding
complex
etiological
puzzle
neuroinflammation
ND.
addition,
they
could
represent
biomarkers
targets
ND,
which
increasing
elderly.
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(6), P. 673 - 673
Published: June 8, 2024
One
of
the
biggest
problems
in
treatment
idiopathic
Parkinson’s
disease
is
lack
new
drugs
that
slow
its
progression.
L-Dopa
remains
star
drug
this
disease,
although
it
induces
severe
side
effects.
The
failure
clinical
studies
with
depends
on
use
preclinical
models
based
neurotoxins
do
not
represent
what
happens
since
they
induce
rapid
and
expansive
neurodegeneration.
We
have
recently
proposed
a
single-neuron
degeneration
model
for
requires
years
to
accumulate
enough
lost
neurons
onset
motor
symptoms.
This
excessive
formation
aminochrome
during
neuromelanin
synthesis
surpass
neuroprotective
action
enzymes
DT-diaphorase
glutathione
transferase
M2-2,
which
prevent
neurotoxic
effects
aminochrome.
Although
an
effect,
stereotaxic
injection
endogenous
neurotoxin
cannot
be
used
generate
animal.
Therefore,
aim
review
evaluate
strategies
pharmacologically
increasing
expression
DT
diaphorase
GSTM2-2
molecules
vesicular
monoamine
transporter
2,
such
as
pramipexole.
