Beyond the Neuron: The Integrated Role of Glia in Psychiatric Disorders

Neuroglia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 6(2), P. 15 - 15

Published: March 25, 2025

In recent decades, substantial evidence has highlighted the integral roles of neuroglia, particularly astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, in regulation synaptic transmission, metabolic support, immune mechanisms within central nervous system. addition to their structural role, these cells actively modulate neurotransmitter homeostasis influence neuronal plasticity, thereby affecting cognition, mood, behavior. This review discusses how neuroglial alterations contribute pathophysiology five common psychiatric disorders: major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia. We synthesized preclinical clinical findings illustrating that glial dysfunction, including impaired myelination aberrant neuroinflammatory responses, often parallels disease onset severity. Moreover, we outline disruptions astrocytic glutamate uptake, microglia-mediated pruning, blood–brain barrier integrity may underlie neurobiological heterogeneity observed disorders. The therapeutic implications range from anti-inflammatory agents investigational compounds aim stabilize function or promote remyelination. However, challenges due interindividual variability, insufficient biomarkers, multifactorial nature illnesses remain. Advances neuroimaging, liquid biopsy, more precise molecular techniques facilitate targeted interventions by stratifying patient subgroups with distinct phenotypes. Continued research is essential translate insights into clinically efficacious safe treatments.

Language: Английский

Oligodendrogenesis in Evolution, Development and Adulthood

Glia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 15, 2025

ABSTRACT Oligodendrogenesis and myelin formation are important processes in the central nervous system (CNS) of jawed vertebrates, underpinning highly efficient neural computation within compact CNS architecture. Myelin, dense lipid sheath wrapped around axons, enables rapid signal transmission modulation circuits. Oligodendrocytes generated from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which widely distributed adult continue to produce new oligodendrocytes throughout life. Adult oligodendrogenesis is integral adaptive myelination, fine‐tunes circuits response neuronal activity, contributing neuroplasticity, learning, memory. Emerging evidence also highlights role specialized brain regions, linking metabolic homeostatic functions. In aging diseased brain, dysregulated exacerbates loss may contribute pathogenesis. addition, maladaptive myelination driven by aberrant activity could sustain a dysfunction conditions such as epilepsy. This review summarizes current understanding oligodendrogenesis, with insights into its evolution, regulation, impact on disease.

Language: Английский