Sexual Dimorphism and Hypothalamic Astrocytes: Focus on Glioprotection

Neuroglia, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(3), P. 274 - 288

Published: Aug. 2, 2024

Sexual dimorphism refers to biological differences between males and females in the same species, including morphological, physiological, behavioral characteristics. Steroid hormones are associated with changes several brain regions, as well pathophysiology of aging, obesity, neuropsychiatric diseases. The hypothalamus controls physiological processes, metabolism, reproduction, circadian rhythm, body homeostasis. Refined communication neurons glial cells, particularly astrocytes, coordinates hypothalamic functions. Therefore, from previously published studies, this review aims highlight sex-related rodent since we believe that region is essential for understanding dimorphic patterns influenced by steroid sex hormones. Thus, concepts sexual dimorphism, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, role hormonal influence on astrocyte functions, neuroglial communication, disorders glioprotective mechanisms hypothalamus.

Language: Английский

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The Complex Relationship between Neuromodulators, Circadian Rhythms, and Insomnia in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(15), P. 8469 - 8469

Published: Aug. 2, 2024

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been linked to disruptions in circadian rhythm and neurotrophin (NFT) signaling. This study explored the link between neuromodulators, chronotype, insomnia OSA. The participants (n = 166) underwent polysomnography (PSG) before being categorized into either control or OSA group. following questionnaires were completed: Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Chronotype Questionnaire (morningness-eveningness (ME), subjective amplitude (AM). Blood samples collected post-PSG for protein level assessment using ELISA kits brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), proBDNF, glial-cell-line-derived factor, NFT3, NFT4. Gene expression was analyzed utilizing qRT-PCR. No significant differences found neuromodulator levels patients controls. controls with exhibited elevated gene (p < 0.05). In non-insomnia individuals, BDNF NTF3 increased group compared 0.007 both); there no groups. ISI scores positively correlated all expressions both groups, except NTF4 (R 0.127, p 0.172). AM ME predicting factors score clinically 0.05 groups). Compromised compensatory mechanisms may exacerbate insomnia. correlation chronotype NFT highlights role of misalignments disruptions.

Language: Английский

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Neurovascular Shifts, Sensory Sensitivity, and PMDD in Autistic Women: Exploring Blood Flow Redirection, Mood Dysregulation, and Pain Tolerance during Menstruation

Journal of Community Medicine and Health Solutions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(2), P. 062 - 068

Published: Sept. 30, 2024

This article examines the relationship between Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), neurovascular dynamics, and sensory sensitivities in autistic women during menstruation. The redirection of blood flow to uterus menstrual cycle has been found exacerbate cerebral perfusion deficits neurodivergent individuals, particularly Prefrontal Cortex (PFC), which contributes mood dysregulation emotional instability characteristic PMDD. Autistic women, who often exhibit heightened sensitivities, experience intensified discomfort menstruation, as overload altered pain perception compound challenges These findings emphasize need for neurodivergent-friendly products that mitigate both physical discomfort. Additionally, innovations using biodegradable materials, smart fabrics, custom-fit solutions are discussed potential breakthroughs improve quality life managing research highlights importance addressing neurobiological aspects when designing interventions PMDD populations.

Language: Английский

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