Therapeutic targets and biomarkers of tumor immunotherapy: response versus non-response

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Sept. 19, 2022

Abstract Cancers are highly complex diseases that characterized by not only the overgrowth of malignant cells but also an altered immune response. The inhibition and reprogramming system play critical roles in tumor initiation progression. Immunotherapy aims to reactivate antitumor overcome escape mechanisms tumors. Represented checkpoint blockade adoptive cell transfer, immunotherapy has seen tremendous success clinic, with capability induce long-term regression some tumors refractory all other treatments. Among them, blocking therapy, represented PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (nivolumab) CTLA-4 (ipilimumab), shown encouraging therapeutic effects treatment various tumors, such as non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) melanoma. In addition, advent CAR-T, CAR-M novel methods, entered a new era. At present, evidence indicates combination multiple methods may be one way improve effect. However, overall clinical response rate still needs improvement, which warrants development designs well discovery biomarkers can guide prescription these agents. Learning from past failure both basic research is for rational design studies future. this article, we describe efforts manipulate against discuss different targets types exploited promote

Language: Английский

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Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives

Cancers, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 645 - 645

Published: Jan. 27, 2022

Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and can lead to changes that influence tumor behavior. Glycans serve as source novel clinical biomarker developments, providing set specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Different mechanisms aberrant the formation tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) suitable selective cancer-targeting therapy. The best characterized TACAs are truncated O-glycans (Tn, TF, sialyl-Tn antigens), gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GM2, GM3, fucosyl-GM1), globo-serie glycans (Globo-H, SSEA-3, SSEA-4), Lewis antigens, polysialic acid. In this review, we analyze strategies immunotherapy targeting TACAs, including different antibody production vaccines, generation CAR-T cells. Some approaches have been approved use, such anti-GD2 antibodies. Moreover, in terms antitumor against show results selected trials, considering horizons opened up result recent developments technologies used control.

Language: Английский

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The Function of NK Cells in Tumor Metastasis and NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy

Cancers, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(8), P. 2323 - 2323

Published: April 16, 2023

Metastatic tumors cause the most deaths in cancer patients. Treating metastasis remains primary goal of current research. Although immune system prevents and kills tumor cells, function metastatic has been unappreciated for decades because are able to develop complex signaling pathways suppress responses, leading them escape detection elimination. Studies showed NK cell-based therapies have many advantages promise fighting cancers. We here review progression, specifically focusing on ability cells antimetastasis, how cell attack, as well recent development effective antimetastatic immunotherapies.

Language: Английский

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Tumor associated macrophages as key contributors and targets in current and future therapies for melanoma

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(8), P. 895 - 911

Published: March 27, 2024

Introduction Despite the success of immunotherapies for melanoma in recent years, there remains a significant proportion patients who do not yet derive benefit from available treatments. Immunotherapies currently licensed clinical use target adaptive immune system, focussing on Tcell interactions and functions. However, most prevalent cells within tumor microenvironment (TME) are macrophages, diverse cell subset displaying high plasticity, to which no current therapies directly targeted. Macrophages have been shown only activate response, enhance cancer killing, but, when influenced by factors TME melanoma, these also promote tumorigenesis metastasis.

Language: Английский

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Advances in Cell and Immune Therapies for Melanoma

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 98 - 98

Published: Jan. 3, 2025

The incidence rate of cutaneous melanoma is on the rise worldwide, due to increased exposure UV radiation, aging populations, and teratogen agents. However, diagnosis more precise, number new cases related improved tools. Despite better early therapies, has remained a significant public health challenge because its aggressive behavior high potential for metastasis. In 2020, constituted approximately 1.3% all cancer deaths that occurred within European Union, thereby highlighting necessity effective prevention, timely diagnosis, sustainable treatment measures, especially as growing occur among younger patients. Melanoma regarded one most inflamed cancers immune cell presence strong response immunotherapy, fueling need development immune-driven innovative treatments. Approved including checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-PD-1 anti-CTLA-4), have notably survival rates in melanoma. limitations PD-1/PD-L1 CTLA-4 axes inhibitors, such low rates, resistance, toxicity, driven continued research advancements strategies. Current clinical trials are exploring various combinations with costimulatory receptor agonists, chemotherapy, targeted other immunotherapies, goal improving outcomes reducing side effects Emerging approaches, adoptive therapy tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) oncolytic virotherapy, showing promise. While CAR-T been less successful compared blood cancers, ongoing addressing challenges like tumor microenvironment antigen specificity. This review provides an overview requirement advances these medications, mark step forward management, set bring fresh breath hope

Language: Английский

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Cell membrane-based biomimetic nanosystems for advanced drug delivery in cancer therapy: A comprehensive review

Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 215, P. 112503 - 112503

Published: April 12, 2022

Language: Английский

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Advances in Melanoma: From Genetic Insights to Therapeutic Innovations

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 1851 - 1851

Published: Aug. 14, 2024

Advances in melanoma research have unveiled critical insights into its genetic and molecular landscape, leading to significant therapeutic innovations. This review explores the intricate interplay between alterations, such as mutations BRAF, NRAS, KIT, pathogenesis. The MAPK PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways are highlighted for their roles tumor growth resistance mechanisms. Additionally, this delves impact of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation histone changes, on progression. microenvironment, characterized by immune cells, stromal soluble factors, plays a pivotal role modulating behavior treatment responses. Emerging technologies like single-cell sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9, AI-driven diagnostics transforming research, offering precise personalized approaches treatment. Immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint inhibitors mRNA vaccines, has revolutionized therapy enhancing body’s response. Despite these advances, mechanisms remain challenge, underscoring need combined therapies ongoing achieve durable comprehensive overview aims highlight current state transformative impacts advancements clinical practice.

Language: Английский

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Development of Personalized Strategies for Precisely Battling Malignant Melanoma

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(9), P. 5023 - 5023

Published: May 4, 2024

Melanoma is the most severe and fatal form of skin cancer, resulting from multiple gene mutations with high intra-tumor inter-tumor molecular heterogeneity. Treatment options for patients whose disease has progressed beyond ability surgical resection rely on currently accepted standard therapies, notably immune checkpoint inhibitors targeted therapies. Acquired resistance to these therapies treatment-associated toxicity necessitate exploring novel strategies, especially those that can be personalized specific and/or populations. Here, we review current landscape progress explore what oncology techniques may entail in scope melanoma. Our purpose provide an up-to-date summary tools at our disposal work circumvent common barriers faced when battling

Language: Английский

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The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval

Cells, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(11), P. 3088 - 3088

Published: Nov. 9, 2021

Melanoma is recognized as the most dangerous type of skin cancer, with high mortality and resistance to currently used treatments. To overcome limitations available therapeutic options, discovery development new, more effective, safer therapies required. In this review, different research steps involved in process antimelanoma drug evaluation selection are explored, including information regarding silico, vitro, vivo experiments, well clinical trial phases. Details given about cell lines assays perform both two- three-dimensional vitro screening candidates towards melanoma. For studies, murine models are, undoubtedly, widely for assessing potential new compounds study underlying mechanisms action. Here, main melanoma described other animal species. A section dedicated ongoing demonstrating wide interest successful efforts devoted therapy, particular at advanced stages disease, a final includes some considerations approval marketing by regulatory agencies. Overall, considerable commitment being directed continuous optimized experimental models, important understanding biology validation novel strategies.

Language: Английский

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Stem cell like memory T cells: A new paradigm in cancer immunotherapy

Clinical Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 241, P. 109078 - 109078

Published: July 15, 2022

Stem cell like memory T (TSCM) cells have emerged as the apex of differentiation for their properties self-renewal and replenishing progenies. With potent long-term persistence, proliferative capacity antitumor activity, TSCM were thought to be ideal candidate cancer immunotherapies. Several strategies been proposed, such manipulations cytokines, metabolic factors, signal pathways, receptor intensity, induce more in vitro, hope that they could reach a clinical order magnitude provide long-lasting effective anti-tumor effects vivo. In this review, we summarized characteristics generate cells. We focused on roles application immunotherapy especially adoptive transfer therapy therapeutic vaccines, hopefully provided clues future understanding researches.

Language: Английский

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