Mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders: a focus on microglia and neuroinflammation

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 18

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

The vagus nerve (VN) is the primary parasympathetic nerve, providing two-way communication between body and brain through a network of afferent efferent fibers. Evidence suggests that altered VN signaling linked to changes in neuroimmune system, including microglia. Dysfunction microglia, resident innate immune cells brain, associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum (ASD), epilepsy. While mechanistic understanding linking VN, disorders remains incomplete, stimulation (VNS) may provide better VN’s mechanisms act as possible treatment modality. In this review we examine important role modulating system inflammatory reflex, which involves cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, releases acetylcholine. Within central nervous (CNS), direct release acetylcholine can also be triggered by VNS. Homeostatic balance CNS notably maintained Microglia facilitate neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, astrogenesis, promote neuronal survival via trophic factor release. These monitor microenvironment complex sensome, groups receptors proteins enabling microglia modify health neurochemistry. Given limitations pharmacological interventions for seeks explore application VNS an intervention conditions. Accordingly, established action, e.g., modulation neurotransmitter pathways, well emerging preclinical clinical evidence supporting VNS’s impact on symptoms such those related inflammation induced infections. We discuss potential adapting non-invasive prevention these Overall, intended increase alleviating microglial dysfunction involved ADHD, ASD, Additionally, aim reveal new concepts field could serve understand development therapies disorders.

Language: Английский

Progress in the study of oxidative stress damage in patients with schizophrenia: challenges and opportunities

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Feb. 21, 2025

Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder of multifactorial triggers, with lifetime prevalence about 1% in all countries the world, slightly higher males than females, and peak incidence between ages 15-35 years old, poor prognosis for most patients, which imposes heavy burden on society family. Early intervention important regression patients. More more studies have found that imbalance oxidation antioxidant, persistent damage to brain by oxidative stress play an role occurrence development schizophrenia. Antioxidants, as additive therapy, improving symptoms well preventing relapse patients This paper intends address pathogenesis injury schizophrenia, significance treatment

Language: Английский

Glucose Metabolism and Sex Hormones in Male Patients with Medication-naïve First-episode Schizophrenia: A Large-scale Cross-sectional Study

Current Neuropharmacology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(13), P. 2263 - 2270

Published: March 29, 2024

Schizophrenia (SCZ) usually begins in early adult life. The underlying molecular mechanisms of SCZ remain unclear. There is evidence for the involvement abnormalities metabolic and endocrine systems SCZ, even drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients (DNFES). However, association between impaired regulation glucose metabolism sex hormones was not studied SCZ. This study aimed to evaluate interrelationship high fasting levels male DNFES patients.

Language: Английский