SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 17 - 17

Published: Dec. 28, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 virus, presents ongoing challenges to global public health. is characterized rapidly evolving mutations, especially in (but not limited to) spike protein, complicating predictions about its evolutionary trajectory. These mutations have significantly affected transmissibility, immune evasion, and vaccine efficacy, leading multiple pandemic waves with over half a billion cases seven million deaths globally. Despite several strategies, from development administration design availability antivirals, including monoclonal antibodies, already having been employed, persistent circulation virus emergence new variants continue result high case numbers fatalities. In past four years, immense research efforts contributed much our understanding viral pathogenesis mechanism, syndrome, host-microbe interactions, effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, treatments. focus this review provide comprehensive analysis functional impact on diagnosis, treatments, effectiveness. We further discuss safety pregnancy implications hybrid immunity long-term protection against infection, as well latest developments pan-coronavirus nasal formulations, emphasizing need for continued surveillance, research, adaptive health strategies response race.

Language: Английский

Mycoplasma bovis : A review of vaccination and diagnostic initiatives

CABI Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 26, 2025

Abstract Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle constitute a worldwide problem with significant detrimental economic impacts on industry. Mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, otitis media and genital disorders are its clinical manifestations. Presently, no vaccines commercially available; antimicrobial resistance is increasing; diagnostic sensitivity testing needs to be improved; new rapid diagnosis kits eminent for implementation of treatment antimicrobials. We conducted systematic search databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web Science, Google Scholar, AGRIS African Journals Online (AJOL), from 1995 2024. Searched keywords, as, bovis, M : vaccine development, techniques strain variability using the predefined criteria were used address review objectives. Although they have preventative function, – killed, live attenuated, subunit types face difficulties because M. strains vary widely. Every approach has own set benefits drawbacks, those that been studies include conventional culture identification, serological testing, immunohistochemical demonstration tissues, sophisticated molecular like PCR, qPCR, next-generation sequencing. For early detection, successful treatment, vaccination efficacy monitoring, accurate crucial. Future directions managing -associated diseases improving accessibility creating broad-spectrum vaccinations. By incorporating these developments, it may possible enhance health cattle, promote sustainability livestock production, increase food security. This points urgent need further research innovation advancement support

Language: Английский

Lupus and SARS-CoV-2: What have we learned after the pandemic?

Lupus, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 17, 2024

After the end of COVID-19 public health emergency, we analysed relationship between Systemic Lupus Erythematosous (SLE) and from virologist's perspective based on recent findings. SLE co-morbidity present unique challenges, as individuals with may be at increased risk for severe illness due to immune system abnormalities ongoing therapies. Effective management both diseases requires careful monitoring, adherence vaccination programs, preventive measures approved patient-tailored This review covers various aspects, including clinical outcome patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, impact this infection onset or flare-ups benefits population. Furthermore, presents most recommendations in rheumatic patients, those SLE, discussing currently available therapeutic options. Finally, explore effective tools SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis autoimmune conditions examine prognostic biomarkers potential implications their oversight. By adopting a comprehensive approach, address these complexities perspective, aiming improve care vulnerable

Language: Английский