Advances in Ovarian Cancer Treatment Beyond PARP Inhibitors

Current Cancer Drug Targets, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(6), P. 433 - 446

Published: Feb. 9, 2023

Ovarian cancer has become the largest cause of gynaecological cancer-related mortality. It is typically diagnosed at a late stage and no effective screening strategy. highly heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided into several molecular subsets. As result greater understanding pathways involved in carcinogenesis tumor growth, targeted agents have been approved or are stages development. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A antibodies two types most drugs for ovarian present. With success bevacizumab, tyrosine kinase which could target alternate angiogenic being studied. Furthermore, many treatments targeting PI3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, developed already clinical studies. MicroRNAs also novel biomarkers therapy diagnosis cancer. This manuscript reviews molecular, preclinical evidence supporting growth-dependent assesses current data related to beyond PARP inhibitors.

Language: Английский

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Exosomes in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Cell Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(18), P. 14356 - 14356

Published: Sept. 20, 2023

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent type of kidney cancer originating from renal tubular epithelial cells, with clear RCC comprising approximately 80% cases. The primary treatment modalities for are surgery and targeted therapy, albeit suboptimal efficacies. Despite progress in research, significant challenges persist, including advanced distant metastasis, delayed diagnosis, drug resistance. Growing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role multiple aspects RCC, tumorigenesis, immune evasion, response. These membrane-bound released into environment by nearly all types capable transferring various bioactive molecules, RNA, DNA, proteins, lipids, aiding intercellular communication. molecular cargo carried EVs renders them an attractive resource biomarker identification, while their multifarious offers opportunities diagnosis interventions, EV-based therapies. As versatile EVs, exosomes have attracted much attention as nanocarriers biologicals, multi-range signaling effects. growing interest exosomes, there currently no widely accepted consensus on subtypes properties. emerging heterogeneity presents both methodological exciting diagnostic clinical interventions. This article reviews characteristics functions particular reference to recent advances application RCC.

Language: Английский

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Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Treatment in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Molecular Targets

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(18), P. 9926 - 9926

Published: Sept. 14, 2021

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common in men and second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Many therapeutic advances over last two decades have led to an improvement survival patients with metastatic PC, yet majority these still succumb their disease. Antiagiogenic therapies shown substantial benefits for many types but only a marginal benefit PC. Ongoing clinical trials investigate antiangiogenic monotherapies or combination therapies. Despite important role angiogenesis refractory castration-resistant PC (CRPC) demonstrated increased toxicity no benefit. A better understanding mechanism may help understand failure trials, possibly development new targeted anti-angiogenic These could include identification specific subsets who might from strategies. This paper provides comprehensive review pathways involved angiogenesis, chemotherapeutic agents activity, available studies on potential mechanisms resistance.

Language: Английский

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Non-Epithelial Ovarian Cancers: How Much Do We Really Know?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(3), P. 1106 - 1106

Published: Jan. 19, 2022

Non-epithelial ovarian cancers (NEOC) are a group of uncommon malignancies that mainly includes germ cell tumours (GCT), sex cord-stromal (SCST), and some extremely rare tumours, such as small carcinomas sarcomas. Each these classifications encompasses multiple histologic subtypes. The aetiology molecular origins each sub-group NEOC require further investigation, our understanding on the genetic changes should be optimised. In this article, we provide an update clinical presentation, pathology, genetics, treatment survival main histological subtypes GCT SCST, well carcinomas. We also discuss miRNA expression profiles report currently active trials include NEOC.

Language: Английский

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Microsatellite Instability Testing in Colorectal Patients with Lynch Syndrome: Lessons Learned from a Case Report and How to Avoid Such Pitfalls

Personalized Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(4), P. 277 - 286

Published: June 16, 2022

We present the case of a patient with Lynch syndrome and metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC). The initial immunohistochemistry (IHC) test for deficient mismatch repair gave false negative result. However, same mutation has accurately been detected IHC in other cancers microsatellite instability (MSI). This supports determining role somatic missense mutations MMR IHC. MSI-PCR testing confirmed MSI benefited from nivolumab complete metabolic response. explain rationale immunotherapy mCRC, current strategies discuss future developments testing. advocate upfront using both to direct therapy greater understanding pitfalls.

Language: Английский

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Potential Prognostic Biomarkers of NIMA (Never in Mitosis, Gene A)-Related Kinase (NEK) Family Members in Breast Cancer

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(11), P. 1089 - 1089

Published: Oct. 26, 2021

Breast cancer remains the most common malignant in women, with a staggering incidence of two million cases annually worldwide; therefore, it is crucial to explore novel biomarkers assess diagnosis and prognosis breast patients. NIMA-related kinase (NEK) protein contains 11 family members named NEK1-NEK11, which were discovered from Aspergillus Nidulans; however, role NEK genes for tumor development unclear requires additional study. In present study, we investigate relationships development, as well gene expression signature via bioinformatics approach. The results several integrative analyses revealed that are overexpressed cancer. Among these genes, NEK2/6/8 overexpression had poor prognostic significance distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) Meanwhile, NEK2/6 highest level DNA methylation, functional enrichment analysis MetaCore Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) suggested NEK2 was associated cell cycle, G2M checkpoint, repair, E2F, MYC, MTORC1, interferon-related signaling. Moreover, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) showed transcriptional levels positively correlated immune infiltration B cells CD4+ T Cell. Collectively, current study indicated especially involved infiltration, may serve progression.

Language: Английский

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Melanoma therapeutics: a literature review

Journal of Biomedical Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 36(2), P. 77 - 77

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Melanoma is a relentless type of skin cancer which involves myriad signaling pathways regulate many cellular processes. This makes melanoma difficult to treat, especially when identified late. At present, therapeutics include chemotherapy, surgical resection, biochemotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic and targeted approaches. These interventions are usually administered as either single-drug or in combination, based on tumor location, stage, patients' overall health condition. However, treatment efficacy generally decreases patients develop resistance. Genetic profiling melanocytes the discovery novel molecular factors involved pathogenesis have helped identify new therapeutic targets. In this literature review, we examine several newly approved therapies, briefly describe therapies being assessed for melanoma. The goal provide comprehensive overview recent developments consider future directions field

Language: Английский

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An Overview of the Role of MicroRNAs on Carcinogenesis: A Focus on Cell Cycle, Angiogenesis and Metastasis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(8), P. 7268 - 7268

Published: April 14, 2023

In recent years, the importance of epigenetic markers in carcinogenesis different malignant neoplasms has been demonstrated, also demonstrating their utility for understanding metastatic spread and tumor progression cancer patients. Among biomarkers, microRNAs represent a set non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, having involved wide variety neoplasia acting oncogenic pathways. Both overexpression downregulation complex interaction with various genes whose ultimate consequence is increased cell proliferation, invasion driver markers. It should be noted current clinical practice, even though combination shown to useful by authors at diagnostic prognostic levels, there are no kits can used initial approach or assess recurrences oncological diseases. Previous works have cited as critical role several carcinogenic mechanisms, ranging from cycle alterations angiogenesis mechanisms distant dissemination. Indeed, specific seem tightly modulation components related these processes. For instance, cyclins cyclin-dependent kinases, transcription factors, signaling molecules angiogenic/antiangiogenic products, among others, recognized targets types cancer. Therefore, purpose this article describe main implications alterations, metastasis angiogenesis, trying summarize involvement carcinogenesis.

Language: Английский

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Hereditary cancer syndromes

World Journal of Clinical Oncology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 40 - 68

Published: Feb. 20, 2023

Hereditary cancer syndromes (HCSs) are arguably the most frequent category of Mendelian genetic diseases, as at least 2% presumably healthy subjects carry highly-penetrant tumor-predisposing pathogenic variants (PVs). breast-ovarian and Lynch syndrome make highest contribution to morbidity; in addition, there several dozen less types familial tumors. The development majority albeit not all hereditary malignancies involves two-hit mechanism,

Language: Английский

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Recent Applications of Artificial Intelligence from Histopathologic Image-Based Prediction of Microsatellite Instability in Solid Cancers: A Systematic Review

Cancers, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(11), P. 2590 - 2590

Published: May 24, 2022

Cancers with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) have a better prognosis and respond well to immunotherapy. However, MSI is not tested in all cancers because of the additional costs time diagnosis. Therefore, artificial intelligence (AI)-based models been recently developed evaluate from whole slide images (WSIs). Here, we aimed assess current state AI application predict based on WSIs analysis MSI-related suggest study design for future studies. Studies were searched online databases screened by reference type, only full texts eligible studies reviewed. The included 14 published between 2018 2021, most publications countries. commonly used dataset Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Colorectal cancer (CRC) was common type studied, followed endometrial, gastric, ovarian cancers. shown potential highest AUC 0.93 case CRC. relatively limited scale datasets lack external validation limitations Future larger are required implicate routine diagnostic practice prediction.

Language: Английский

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