Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 1615 - 1615

Published: Nov. 15, 2023

Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by alarming rise antibiotic resistance. This global crisis stems from relentless adaptability microorganisms, driven misuse and overuse antibiotics. article explores subsequent emergence It delves into mechanisms employed bacteria to develop resistance, highlighting dire consequences drug including compromised patient care, increased mortality rates, escalating healthcare costs. The elucidates latest strategies against drug-resistant encompassing innovative approaches such as phage therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, exploration natural compounds. Moreover, it examines profound impact resistance on development, rendering pursuit new economically challenging. limitations challenges developing novel are discussed, along with hurdles regulatory process that hinder progress this critical field. Proposals for modifying facilitate development presented. withdrawal major pharmaceutical firms research examined, potential re-engage interest. also outlines initiatives overcome economic incentivize emphasizing international collaborations partnerships. Finally, sheds light government-led a specific focus Middle East. discusses proactive measures taken governments region, Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates, combat threat. In face multifaceted approach imperative. provides valuable insights complex landscape challenges, collaborative efforts required ensure future where remain effective tools safeguarding public health.

Language: Английский

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Current Status of Drug-resistant Patterns of Gram-positive Clinical Isolates Collected from Renowned Diagnostic Centers of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(1), P. 53 - 59

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a serious concern and life threat in public health globally. Gram-positive clinical isolates are one of the leading etiological agents showing drug traits. This study aimed to detect antimicrobial pattern clinically isolated bacterial collected from various renowned diagnostic centers Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Methods: A laboratory-based cross-sectional was conducted at Microbiological Laboratory Department Microbiology, Stamford University total 104 specimens (wound swab, pus, blood, urine, ear discharge, nasal sputum, nipple breast milk, catheter tip, umbilical throat swab) different age groups were some city for analyzing cultural sensitivity patterns January 2023 April 2023. According plan, only bacteria transported laboratory Bangladesh following WHO guidelines, susceptibility tests carried out by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method results interpreted as per CLSI 2022. Results: highlights presence Staphylococcus aureus (65.4%), Streptococcus spp. (23.1%), Enterococcus spp . (11.5%) causative infections overall specimens. Most our found multidrug-resistant. For S. isolates, cefixime (100%); spp., doxycycline (95.83%); amoxicillin (100%), colistin cotrimoxazole (100%) be most ineffective when compared other antibiotics. Conclusion: Our portrayed remarkable antibiotic feature which matter concern. It necessary carry continuous assessment resistant bacteria; otherwise, it will become an uncontrollable problem not but also worldwide near future.

Language: Английский

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Recent Trends of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Gram-negative Bacteria Collected from Clinical Isolates in Dhaka City

Journal of Preventive Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies in Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(2), P. 122 - 130

Published: April 1, 2024

Abstract BACKGROUND: Gram-negative bacteria responsible for a significant rise in antimicrobial resistance over the past 20 years. This alarming has been linked to increased mortality and health-care costs, particularly patients, clinicians, system. cause wide range of infectious diseases including gastrointestinal tract infections, urinary respiratory meningitis, typhoid fever, shigellosis, bacteremia, septicemia. METHODS: A total 220 different clinical specimens were collected between October 2022 November 2023 from various renowned diagnostic centers Dhaka, Bangladesh. According study plan, 199 bacterial isolates collected, transported, processed Microbiology Laboratory Stamford University RESULTS: The found that female patients predominant than male except Proteus cases. Escherichia coli was highly resistant antibiotics, with levels ranging 100% 66%, although colistin effective. Azithromycin most ineffective antibiotic against Klebsiella , resistance. Other antibiotics showed high resistance, imipenem effective sensitivity. High observed azithromycin, colistin, doxycycline, nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime, amoxyclave -infected some However, Acinetobacter also across all age groups. For Pseudomonas cases, amoxyclav, cotrimoxazole but ceftazidime, piperacillin, meropenem, amikacin satisfactory efficacy. CONCLUSION: reveals multidrug raising public health concerns. Age gender should be considered when selecting antibiotics.

Language: Английский

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New Agents Are Coming, and So Is the Resistance

Antibiotics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(7), P. 648 - 648

Published: July 13, 2024

Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that requires urgent attention to slow the spread of resistant pathogens. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has emphasized clinician-driven antimicrobial stewardship approaches including reporting proper documentation usage resistance. Additional efforts have targeted development new agents, but narrow profit margins hindered manufacturers from investing in novel antimicrobials clinical use therefore production antibiotics decreased. In order combat this, both drug discovery processes healthcare reimbursement programs must be improved. Without action, this poses high probability culminate deadly post-antibiotic era. This review will highlight some health challenges faced today future. Furthermore, Infectious Diseases Society America (IDSA) guidelines Gram-negative pathogens discussed. includes agents which gained or are likely gain FDA approval. Emphasis placed on human each these cover, as well how could utilized practice.

Language: Английский

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Technological Advances in Sepsis Diagnosis

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 251 - 264

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Enhancing bloodstream infection diagnostics: a novel filtration and targeted next-generation sequencing approach for precise pathogen identification

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: March 20, 2025

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) pose a significant diagnostic challenge, largely due to the limitations of traditional methods such as blood cultures. These often yield low positive rates, have lengthy processing times that delay treatment, and are limited in detecting only narrow range pathogens. Such delays inaccuracies can critically impede timely clinical interventions, potentially compromising patient outcomes. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is powerful tool for rapid, precise pathogen identification. While metagenomic NGS (mNGS) offers broad coverage, it costly complex. Targeted (tNGS), however, focuses on key regions clinically relevant pathogens, reducing costs simplifying workflows while maintaining high sensitivity, making more practical routine diagnostics. In this study, we introduce novel approach combining human cell-specific filtration membrane with multiplex tNGS panel overcome these challenges. The membrane, designed surface charge properties be electrostatically attractive leukocytes selective capture specific cells, demonstrated efficiency removing host cells nucleic acids, achieving over 98% reduction DNA thereby minimizing background interference detection. Additionally, developed an effective targeting 330 pathogens verified its consistency mNGS culture results, demonstrating improvement detection sensitivity. By integrating two methods, achieved synergistic enhancement capability, boosting reads by 6- 8-fold, which enabled reliable identification even cases low-abundance This provides faster, accurate, sensitive BSIs, enabling earlier infections. facilitates targeted ultimately improving outcomes critical care settings. Given unique strengths panel, shows promising applications prenatal genetic health support, well advancing early cancer screening strategies.

Language: Английский

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Advantages of point-of-care detections

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 301 - 321

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Sepsis Stewardship: The Puzzle of Antibiotic Therapy in the Context of Individualization of Decision Making

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 106 - 106

Published: Jan. 18, 2024

The main recent change observed in the field of critical patient infection has been universal awareness need to make better use antimicrobials, especially for most serious cases, beyond application simple and effective formulas or rigid protocols. increase resistant microorganisms, quantitative major surgeries interventional procedures highest risk patients, appearance a significant number new antibiotics years (some very specifically directed against certain mechanisms resistance others with broader spectrum applications) have led us shift our questions from “what deal with” “how treat”. There controversy about how best approach antibiotic treatment complex cases sepsis. individualized adjusted dosage, moment its administration, objective, selection regimen are pointed out as factors special relevance critically ill where frequency among Enterobacterales group, emergence multiple diverse alternatives made appropriate choice more complex, requiring constant updating knowledge creation multidisciplinary teams confront infections that difficult treat. In this article, we reviewed phenomenon antibacterials tried share some ideas, such stewardship, sparing carbapenems, organizational, microbiological, pharmacological, tools, considered useful decision making takes into account current context multidrug resistance. greatest challenge, therefore, lies determining an effective, optimal, balanced empirical treatment.

Language: Английский

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Development of two multiplex PCR assays for rapid detection of eleven Gram-negative bacteria in children with septicemia

Tropical Medicine and Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 52(1)

Published: June 5, 2024

Abstract Aim This study aimed to develop a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of major Gram-negative etiologies septicemia and evaluate its performance. Methods Multiplex (mPCR) assays were developed targeting 11 bacterial strains. Species-specific primers confirmed using known clinical isolates standard Gradient was performed on each primer against target gene determine optimal amplification condition. The minimum detectable DNA concentration the two evaluated by adjusting 100 ng/μL and, tenfold serially diluting it up 10 pg/μL with DNAse-free water. diagnostic accuracy mPCR established subjecting 60 blood samples. Results Two developed. Optimal annealing temperature 55 °C utilized in final conditions. detected all targeted bacteria, pg concentration. Pathogens not directly from whole blood, but after 4 h 8 incubation, 41% (5/12) 100% (12/12) bacteria culture fluids, respectively. also identified Salmonella spp . Klebsiella pneumoniae co-infections extra pathogens (1 E. coli 2 K. ) compared culture. sensitivity specificity 100.0% (71.7–100.0) 98.0% (90.7–99.0), area under ROC curve 1.00 (1.00–1.00). Conclusions demonstrated substantial potential as rapid tool diagnosis alongside traditional method. Notably, able identify additional isolates, detect co-infections, efficiently low loads high sensitivity, implying value enhancing efficiency septicemia.

Language: Английский

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Commercial roadmap of nanobiosensor development

Frontiers in Nanotechnology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: Feb. 9, 2024

A nanobiosensor is a tool that converts biological stimulus into an electrical output via nanosized transducer elements. Nanobiosensors are promising instruments, especially in biomedical applications the literature and industry. To develop from idea to product, life-cycle approach comprises various processes ranging conception through commercialization required. Developers potential investors should examine market requirements, design possibilities, feasibility, financial return, risk assessments when developing development concept. It critical establish well-defined regulatory pathway for bringing innovation at low cost short period. R&D conduct thorough examinations of nanomaterial toxicity health effects, involving marketing, advertising, analysis. Stakeholders discuss technology transfer office protocols faster, healthier operations.

Language: Английский

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