Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 376(1837), P. 20200359 - 20200359

Published: Sept. 20, 2021

Plant-pathogens and insect pests, hereafter play an important role in structuring ecological communities, yet both native introduced pests impose significant pressure on wild managed systems, pose a threat to food security. Global changes climate land use, transportation of plants around the globe are likely further increase range, frequency severity pest outbreaks future. Thus, there is critical need expand current theory address these challenges. Here, we outline phylogenetic framework for study plant interactions. In plants, growing body work has suggested that evolutionary relatedness, phylogeny, strongly structures plant-pest associations-from host breadths impacts, their establishment spread new regions. Understanding dimensions associations will help inform models invasive species spread, disease risk crops, emerging communities-which have implications protecting security biodiversity into This article part theme issue 'Infectious macroecology: parasite diversity dynamics across globe'.

Language: Английский

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Prioritizing the conservation needs of United States tree species: Evaluating vulnerability to forest insect and disease threats

Global Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 18, P. e00622 - e00622

Published: April 1, 2019

Abstract Insect and disease infestations pose major threats to several North American forest tree species. Scientists managers from throughout the United States Forest Service developed a conservation priority-setting framework for species at risk insects other threats. The Project CAPTURE (Conservation Assessment Prioritization of Trees Under Risk Extirpation) is data-driven guided by expert opinion, allowing quantitative grouping into vulnerability classes that may require different management strategies. We applied this categorize prioritize 419 native conservation, monitoring, using trait data insect threat each host categorization based on factors relating species’ (1) severity, (2) sensitivity infestation, (3) capacity adapt infestation. used K-means clustering group 11 these dimensions. three most vulnerable encompassed 15 which immediate intervention. Two additional face less severe be good candidates resistance breeding efforts. Other groups had traits associated with high and/or low adaptive potential future threats, suggesting need close monitoring. This assessment tool should valuable decision-makers determining populations target monitoring efforts pro-active gene activities.

Language: Английский

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The Global Forest Health Crisis: A Public-Good Social Dilemma in Need of International Collective Action

Annual Review of Phytopathology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 61(1), P. 377 - 401

Published: May 31, 2023

Society is confronted by interconnected threats to ecological sustainability. Among these the devastation of forests destructive non-native pathogens and insects introduced through global trade, leading loss critical ecosystem services a forest health crisis. We argue that crisis public-good social dilemma propose response framework incorporates principles collective action. This enables scientists better engage policymakers empowers public advocate for proactive biosecurity management. Collective action in features broadly inclusive stakeholder engagement build trust set goals; accountability pest introductions; pooled support weakest-link partners; inclusion intrinsic nonmarket values ecosystems risk assessment. provide short-term longer-term measures incorporate above shift societal paradigm more resilient state.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary history of host trees amplifies the dilution effect of biodiversity on forest pests

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(2), P. e3002473 - e3002473

Published: Feb. 27, 2024

Biodiversity appears to strongly suppress pathogens and pests in many plant animal systems. However, this “dilution effect” is not consistently detected, when present can vary strikingly magnitude. Here, we use forest inventory data from over 25,000 plots (>1.1 million sampled trees) quantify the strength of dilution effect on dozens clarify why some are particularly sensitive biodiversity. Using Bayesian hierarchical models, show that pest prevalence frequently lower highly diverse forests, but there considerable variability magnitude among pests. The was closely associated with host specialization or nativity. Instead, forests where co-occurring tree species were more distantly related a pest’s preferred hosts. Our analyses indicate evolutionary history composition key understanding how diversity may dilute impacts pests, important implications for predicting future biodiversity change affect spread distribution damaging

Language: Английский

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Generalist Pests Cause High Tree Infestation, but Specialist Pests Cause High Mortality

Forests, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 127 - 127

Published: Jan. 11, 2025

Whether specialist pests can cause more damage to their host plants than generalist is a critical issue in both basic biology and nonnative species management. To date, there no consensus on how we define “specialist vs. generalist” should assess forest or impacts (volume loss mortality). Here, comparatively investigate whether may US forests using two frameworks: (1) the “binary dichotomous approach” through largely arbitrary classification of pests, (2) “specialist-generalist continuum”. We measure impact ways, one by total volume infested other mortality. In binary comparison, generalists tree per pest specialists, but latter (mostly pathogens) caused higher mortality trees. The continuum” concept could reveal different pattern regarding invasions when clear separation between specialists community region. Therefore, suggest “continuum” approach address related questions future studies, thus offering new insights into that have deeper implications for monitoring

Language: Английский

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Hotspots of pest‐induced US urban tree death, 2020–2050

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 59(5), P. 1302 - 1312

Published: March 13, 2022

Abstract Urban trees are important nature‐based solutions for future well‐being and liveability but at high risk of mortality from insect pests. In the United States (US), 82% population live in urban settings this number is growing, making tree a matter concern most its population. Until now, magnitudes spatial distributions risks were unknown. Here, we combine new models street populations ~30,000 US communities, species‐specific spread predictions 57 invasive species estimates death due to exposure 48 host genera. We estimate that 1.4 million will be killed by insects 2020 through 2050, costing an annualized average US$ 30 M. However, these hide substantial variation: 23% centres experience 95% all insect‐induced mortality. Furthermore, 90% emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis , EAB), which expected kill virtually Fraxinus spp.) >6,000 communities. define EAB high‐impact zone spanning 902,500 km 2 largely within southern central US, predict 98.8% trees. ‘Mortality hotspot cities’ include Milwaukee, WI; Chicago, IL; New York, NY. identify Asian wood borers maple oak as highest invaders, where establishment could cost 4.9B over years. Policy implications . To plan effective mitigation, forest pest managers must know communities greatest risk, well species. provide first country‐wide, forecast This framework identifies dominant impact hotspots, can basis prioritization control efforts such quarantines biological release sites. Our results highlight need (EAB) early‐detection far current infestations Seattle, WA. findings produce list biotic spatiotemporal factors

Language: Английский

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Impacts of Exotic Pests on Forest Ecosystems: An Update

Forests, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 605 - 605

Published: March 18, 2023

Pests (e.g., insects, pathogens) affect forest communities through complex interactions with plants, other animals, and the environment. While effects of exotic (non-native) pests on trees received broad attention were extensively studied, fewer studies addressed ecosystem-level consequences these effects. Related so far mostly only targeted a very few dominant hemlock woolly adelgid—HWA, beech bark disease—BBD, spongy moth—SM) limited to aspects situation such as (1) pests’ direct physical disturbance ecosystems, (2) altered geochemical elements soils, water, air excretion), (3) feedback from alteration ecosystems native present future pest invasions. New also show that, in general, planted forests appear be more prone invasions thus suffer greater impacts than natural forests. Integrated are critically needed address direct/indirect ecosystem elements, both short- long-term effects, We discuss implications new findings corresponding management strategies.

Language: Английский

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Long-Term Impacts of Invasive Insects and Pathogens on Composition, Biomass, and Diversity of Forests in Virginia’s Blue Ridge Mountains

Ecosystems, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 24(1), P. 89 - 105

Published: April 29, 2020

Language: Английский

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Spread management priorities to limit emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) impacts on United States street trees

Conservation Science and Practice, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6(3)

Published: Feb. 16, 2024

Abstract The invasive emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) causes damage to street trees which is estimated reach US$ 900 million over the next 30 years. Although millions of dollars are spent annually control this species, spatiotemporal management plans often based on rules thumb that ignore future pest dispersal. Here, we reveal an optimal strategy protect urban in North America from A. . To achieve this, embedded a dispersal model within mixed integer programming framework. We discovered optimized strategies consistently outperformed those thumb, potentially resulting protection additional nearly 1 and savings $ 629 million. Critically, best always relied quarantines biological (constituting 98–99% 1–2% project budget, respectively), contrast with current practices, where federal spending has been diverted control. Our findings serve inform efforts can help many more species.

Language: Английский

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Preinvasion Assessment of Exotic Bark Beetle-Vectored Fungi to Detect Tree-Killing Pathogens

Phytopathology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 112(2), P. 261 - 270

Published: July 15, 2021

Exotic diseases and pests of trees have caused continental-scale disturbances in forest ecosystems industries, their invasions are considered largely unpredictable. We tested the concept preinvasion assessment not yet invasive organisms, which enables empirical risk potential invasion impact. Our example assesses fungi associated with Old World bark ambrosia beetles to impact North American trees. selected 55 Asian European scolytine beetle species using host use, economic, regulatory criteria. isolated 111 most consistent fungal associates effect on four important southeastern pine oak species. test dataset found no highly virulent pathogens that should be classified as an imminent threat. Twenty-two were minor pathogens, may require context-dependent response for vectors at borders, while displayed significant results three ways; they ease concerns over multiple overseas fungus suspected heightened risk, provide a basis focus prevention introduction establishment consequence, demonstrate assessment, if scaled up, can support practical exotic pathogens.

Language: Английский

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