The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Infection and Mortality—A Review on Recent Evidence

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Nov. 26, 2020

The outbreak of COVID-19 has created a serious public health concern worldwide. Although, most the regions around globe have been affected by infections; some are more badly in terms infections and fatality rates than others. exact reasons for such variations not clear yet. This review discussed possible effects air pollution on mortality based recent evidence. findings studies reviewed here demonstrate that both short-term long-term exposure to especially PM 2.5 nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) may contribute significantly higher mortalities with lesser extent also 10 . A significant correlation found between countries world. available data indicate influence transmission. Moreover, increase vulnerability harmful prognosis patients infections. Further research should be conducted considering potential confounders as age pre-existing medical conditions along NO , other pollutants confirm their detrimental from COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Inefficiency of SIR models in forecasting COVID-19 epidemic: a case study of Isfahan

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Feb. 25, 2021

The multifaceted destructions caused by COVID-19 have been compared to that of World War II. What makes the situation even more complicated is ambiguity about duration and ultimate spread pandemic. It especially critical for governments, healthcare systems, economic sectors an estimate future this disaster. By using different mathematical approaches, including classical susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model its derivatives, many investigators tried predict outbreak COVID-19. In study, we simulated epidemic in Isfahan province Iran period from Feb 14th April 11th also forecasted remaining course with three scenarios differed terms stringency level social distancing. Despite prediction disease short-term intervals, constructed SIR was unable forecast actual pattern long term. Remarkably, most published models developed other communities, suffered same inconformity. are based on assumptions seem not be true case epidemic. Hence, sophisticated modeling strategies detailed knowledge biomedical epidemiological aspects needed

Language: Английский

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Contamination of inert surfaces by SARS-CoV-2: Persistence, stability and infectivity. A review

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 193, P. 110559 - 110559

Published: Dec. 1, 2020

Language: Английский

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Lancet COVID-19 Commission Statement on the occasion of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly

The Lancet, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 396(10257), P. 1102 - 1124

Published: Sept. 14, 2020

The Lancet COVID-19 Commission was launched on July 9, 2020, to assist governments, civil society, and UN institutions in responding effectively the pandemic. aims offer practical solutions four main global challenges posed by pandemic: suppressing pandemic means of pharmaceutical non-pharmaceutical interventions; overcoming humanitarian emergencies, including poverty, hunger, mental distress, caused pandemic; restructuring public private finances wake rebuilding world economy an inclusive, resilient, sustainable way that is aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Paris Climate Agreement.

Language: Английский

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Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Physical Principles and Implications

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Nov. 23, 2020

Evidence has emerged that SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus causes COVID-19, can be transmitted airborne in aerosol particles as well larger droplets or by surface deposits. This minireview outlines underlying science, making links to research other disciplines. SARS-CoV-2 is emitted form during normal breathing both asymptomatic and symptomatic people, remaining viable with a half-life of up about an hour which air movement carry it considerable distances, although simultaneously disperses. The proportion droplet size distribution within range depends on sites origin respiratory tract whether presented number volume basis. Evaporation fragmentation reduce droplets, whereas coalescence increases mean size. Aerosol containing also coalesce pollution particulates, infection rates correlate pollution. operation ventilation systems public buildings transportation create hazards via aerosols, but provides opportunities for reducing risk transmission ways simple switching from recirculated outside air. There are inactivate sunlight UV lamps. efficiency masks blocking strongly how they fit. Research areas urgently need further experimentation include basis variation viral load, including "superspreader" individuals; evolution sizes after emission, their interaction pollutant aerosols dispersal turbulence, gives different social distancing.

Language: Английский

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SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 1486(1), P. 15 - 38

Published: Oct. 6, 2020

Abstract Exposure to air pollutants has been previously associated with respiratory viral infections, including influenza, measles, mumps, rhinovirus, and syncytial virus. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that pollution exposure is increased cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection COVID‐19–associated mortality, although the molecular mechanisms by which pollutant affects pathogenesis COVID‐19 remain unknown. In this review, we suggest potential could account for association. We focused on effect nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 particulate matter (PM) since there are investigating how these life cycle other viruses. concluded may affect different stages cycle, inhibition mucociliary clearance, alteration receptors proteases required entry, changes antiviral interferon production replication, in assembly mediated autophagy, prevention uptake macrophages, promotion spread increasing epithelial permeability. believe skews adaptive immune responses toward bacterial/allergic responses, as opposed responses. predispose exposed populations developing COIVD‐19–associated immunopathology, enhancing virus‐induced tissue inflammation damage.

Language: Английский

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Implications of the second wave of COVID-19 in India

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(9), P. e93 - e94

Published: June 30, 2021

The second wave of COVID-19 in India has had severe consequences the form spiralling cases, reduced supplies essential treatments, and increased deaths particularly young population. Understanding why been more dangerous than first could help to identify potential areas diagnostics target with future control strategies. Studies have identified various circulating double-mutant triple-mutant strains SARS-CoV-2 across different regions India, which are pathogenic initial strains. Such altered transmissibility pathogenicity indicates evolution virus. larger population density, higher chances viral replication, mutation, evolution, as suggested by Moya colleagues.1Moya A Holmes EC González-Candelas F genetics evolutionary epidemiology RNA viruses.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004; 2: 279-288Crossref PubMed Scopus (307) Google Scholar India's overpopulation poor execution a coherent containment strategy policies allowed substantial number mutations persist environment. earlier discovered variants other countries, such B.1.351, B.1.1.7, P.1, reported Boehm colleagues,2Boehm E Kronig I Neher RA Eckerle Vetter P Kaiser L Novel variants: pandemics within pandemic.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021; (published online May 17.)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.022Summary Full Text PDF (246) also along new variants. strain B.1.617, possessing key structural Glu484Gln Leu452Arg spike protein, is highly infectious less affected current vaccine responses, central cause surge India.3Cherian S Potdar V Jadhav et al.Convergent mutations, L452R, E484Q P681R, Maharashtra, India.bioRxiv. 3.) (preprint).https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.22.440932Google Similarly, Sahoo colleagues4Sahoo JP Mishra AP Samal KC Triple mutant Bengal (B.1.618) coronavirus worst COVID outbreak India.https://bioticainternational.com/ojs/index.php/biorestoday/article/view/837Date: April 27, 2021Date accessed: June 15, 2021Google presence strain, B.1.618, carrying potent Glu154Lys, Pro681Arg, Gln1071His addition others, that strongly associated deteriorating situation. During many cases mucormycosis, known black fungus, patients diabetes COVID-19, well who were recovering from infection. excessive use steroids treatment immunosuppression virus led emergence this opportunistic fungal infection.5Dyer O Covid-19: sees record "black fungus" spreads fear.BMJ. 373n1238Crossref (33) Although fungus during wave, become prominent cities leading state governments declare too an epidemic. As 7, 2021, Indian Ministry Health recorded 28 252 fungus. risk white Aspergillosis—assumed be even fatal fungus—is on rise some parts India.6Sahoo Panda B unseen "fungal infections"—an extra thrust aggravating India.https://bioticainternational.com/ojs/index.php/biorestoday/article/view/877Date: 24, Patients infected predominantly older 60 years those comorbid conditions at death. However, surprisingly, younger adults appear prone infection latest cycle died age, including aged between 25 50 years.7Jain VK Iyengar KP Vaishya R Differences India.Diabetes Metab Syndr. 15: 1047-1048Crossref (96) reason now vulnerable not apparent beyond scientific explanations. important observation situation develops every individual appeared equal being virus, but ability sustain overcome was variable among individuals. Some people presumed suboptimal immune responses survive, individuals, despite having stronger immunity, rapid further peak sudden decrease oxygen saturation patients, when they well, giving time for proper ventilation support. This created fear panic family members there uncertainty around whether would survive showing signs recovery. No answers available individuals respond differently Many reasons behind observation. One explanation infect simultaneously, others. air quality index factor spread country. Comunian colleagues increase fine particulate matter (<2·5 μm) infection.8Comunian Dongo D Milani C Palestini Air pollution COVID-19: role COVID-19's morbidity mortality.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 174487Crossref (305) Given nine 15 most polluted globally it postulated fight against impaired because people's lungs severely pollution. individuals; someone appears healthy might strong or enough response regard immunity. absence studies limits our reasoning hypothesis. crucial increasing these effects cytokine storms. Therefore, we propose that, focusing research drugs vaccines pandemic situation, prediction models will understanding specific developing storm. By monitoring probable outcomes based recovery possibilities save millions worldwide providing better-prioritised treatment. Identification immune-based markers (eg, numbers T-cells their subsets, B-cells, natural killer cells, protein interleukins 6 10, ferritin, C-reactive procalcitonin) prejudge possibility focused patients. These linked mild forms such, assessing variations expression levels indicators disease prognosis severity provide robust method protect personalised diagnostics. SSS reports grants Clifford Craig Foundation Launceston General Hospital personal fees Chiesi, outside submitted work. PA, MSE, MIH no competing interests. contributed equally

Language: Английский

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Air quality changes in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown: A critical review

Atmospheric Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 264, P. 105823 - 105823

Published: Aug. 25, 2021

Language: Английский

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Positive association between outdoor air pollution and the incidence and severity of COVID-19. A review of the recent scientific evidences

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 203, P. 111930 - 111930

Published: Aug. 21, 2021

In June 2020, we published a review focused on assessing the influence of various air pollutants transmission SARS-CoV-2, and severity COVID-19 in patients infected by coronavirus. The results most those reviewed studies suggested that chronic exposure to certain might lead more severe lethal forms COVID-19, as well delays/complications recovery patients. Since then, notable number this topic have been published, including also reviews. Given importance issue, updated information since our previous review. Taking together investigations now reviewed, concluded there is significant association between outdoor pollutants: PM

Language: Английский

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Excess of COVID-19 cases and deaths due to fine particulate matter exposure during the 2020 wildfires in the United States

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(33)

Published: Aug. 13, 2021

High levels of PM 2.5 during the 2020 wildfires in western United States led to an excess COVID-19 cases and deaths.

Language: Английский

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