Cancers,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
13(3), P. 376 - 376
Published: Jan. 20, 2021
Tumor
relapse
and
treatment
failure
are
unfortunately
common
events
for
cancer
patients,
thus
often
rendering
an
uncurable
disease.
Cancer
stem
cells
(CSCs)
a
subset
of
endowed
with
tumor-initiating
self-renewal
capacity,
as
well
high
adaptive
abilities.
Altogether,
these
features
contribute
to
CSC
survival
after
one
or
multiple
therapeutic
approaches,
leading
tumor
progression/relapse.
Thus,
elucidating
the
molecular
mechanisms
associated
stemness-driven
resistance
is
crucial
development
more
effective
drugs
durable
responses.
This
review
will
highlight
exploited
by
CSCs
overcome
different
strategies,
from
chemo-
radiotherapies
targeted
therapies
immunotherapies,
shedding
light
on
their
plasticity
insidious
trait
responsible
adaptation/escape.
Finally,
novel
CSC-specific
approaches
be
described,
providing
evidence
preclinical
clinical
applications.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
5(1)
Published: Feb. 7, 2020
Abstract
Since
cancer
stem
cells
(CSCs)
were
first
identified
in
leukemia
1994,
they
have
been
considered
promising
therapeutic
targets
for
therapy.
These
self-renewal
capacity
and
differentiation
potential
contribute
to
multiple
tumor
malignancies,
such
as
recurrence,
metastasis,
heterogeneity,
multidrug
resistance,
radiation
resistance.
The
biological
activities
of
CSCs
are
regulated
by
several
pluripotent
transcription
factors,
OCT4,
Sox2,
Nanog,
KLF4,
MYC.
In
addition,
many
intracellular
signaling
pathways,
Wnt,
NF-κB
(nuclear
factor-κB),
Notch,
Hedgehog,
JAK-STAT
(Janus
kinase/signal
transducers
activators
transcription),
PI3K/AKT/mTOR
(phosphoinositide
3-kinase/AKT/mammalian
target
rapamycin),
TGF
(transforming
growth
factor)/SMAD,
PPAR
(peroxisome
proliferator-activated
receptor),
well
extracellular
vascular
niches,
hypoxia,
tumor-associated
macrophages,
cancer-associated
fibroblasts,
mesenchymal
cells,
matrix,
exosomes,
shown
be
very
important
regulators
CSCs.
Molecules,
vaccines,
antibodies,
CAR-T
(chimeric
antigen
receptor
T
cell)
developed
specifically
CSCs,
some
these
factors
already
undergoing
clinical
trials.
This
review
summarizes
the
characterization
identification
depicts
major
pathways
that
regulate
CSC
development,
discusses
targeted
therapy
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Jan. 22, 2018
Drug
development
is
a
lengthy
and
costly
process
that
proceeds
through
several
stages
from
target
identification
to
lead
discovery
optimization,
preclinical
validation
clinical
trials
culminating
in
approval
for
use.
An
important
step
this
high-throughput
screening
(HTS)
of
small
compound
libraries
identification.
Currently,
the
majority
cell-based
HTS
being
carried
out
on
cultured
cells
propagated
two-dimensions
(2D)
plastic
surfaces
optimized
tissue
culture.
At
same
time,
compelling
evidence
suggests
these
non-physiological
conditions
are
not
representative
residing
complex
microenvironment
tissue.
This
discrepancy
thought
be
significant
contributor
high
failure
rate
drug
discovery,
where
only
low
percentage
drugs
investigated
ever
make
it
gamut
testing
market.
Thus,
three-dimensional
(3D)
cell
culture
technologies
more
closely
resemble
vivo
environments
now
pursued
with
intensity
as
they
expected
accommodate
better
precision
discovery.
Here
we
will
review
common
approaches
3D
culture,
discuss
significance
cultures
resistance
repositioning
address
some
challenges
applying
Nanomaterials,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
9(4), P. 638 - 638
Published: April 19, 2019
Many
therapeutically
active
molecules
are
non-soluble
in
aqueous
systems,
chemically
and
biologically
fragile
or
present
severe
side
effects.
Lipid-based
nanoparticle
(LBNP)
systems
represent
one
of
the
most
promising
colloidal
carriers
for
bioactive
organic
molecules.
Their
current
application
oncology
has
revolutionized
cancer
treatment
by
improving
antitumor
activity
several
chemotherapeutic
agents.
LBNPs
advantages
include
high
temporal
thermal
stability,
loading
capacity,
ease
preparation,
low
production
costs,
large-scale
industrial
since
they
can
be
prepared
from
natural
sources.
Moreover,
association
agents
with
lipid
nanoparticles
reduces
therapeutic
dose
toxicity,
decreases
drug
resistance
increases
levels
tumor
tissue
decreasing
them
healthy
tissue.
have
been
extensively
assayed
vitro
therapy
but
also
vivo,
results
some
clinical
trials.
This
review
summarizes
types
that
developed
recent
years
main
when
applied
treatment,
including
essential
assays
patients.
Molecular Cancer,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
18(1)
Published: Nov. 4, 2019
Abstract
Molecular
targeted
therapy
for
cancer
has
been
a
research
hotspot
decades.
AXL
is
member
of
the
TAM
family
with
high-affinity
ligand
growth
arrest-specific
protein
6
(GAS6).
The
Gas6/AXL
signalling
pathway
associated
tumour
cell
growth,
metastasis,
invasion,
epithelial-mesenchymal
transition
(EMT),
angiogenesis,
drug
resistance,
immune
regulation
and
stem
maintenance.
Different
therapeutic
agents
targeting
have
developed,
typically
including
small
molecule
inhibitors,
monoclonal
antibodies
(mAbs),
nucleotide
aptamers,
soluble
receptors,
several
natural
compounds.
In
this
review,
we
first
provide
comprehensive
discussion
structure,
function,
regulation,
pathways
AXL.
Then,
highlight
recent
strategies
in
treatment
cancer.AXL-targeted
drugs,
either
as
single
or
combination
conventional
chemotherapy
other
are
likely
to
improve
survival
many
patients.
However,
future
investigations
into
molecular
networks
robust
predictive
biomarkers
warranted
select
patients
who
could
receive
clinical
benefit
avoid
potential
toxicities.
Cancers,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
11(9), P. 1334 - 1334
Published: Sept. 9, 2019
Triple-negative
breast
cancer
(TNBC)
is
that
tested
as
negative
for
estrogen
receptors
(ER),
progesterone
(PR),
and
excess
human
epidermal
growth
factor
receptor
2
(HER2)
protein
which
accounts
15%–20%
of
all
cases.
TNBC
considered
to
be
a
poorer
prognosis
than
other
types
cancer,
mainly
because
it
involves
more
aggressive
phenotypes
are
similar
stem
cell–like
cells
(cancer
cell,
CSC).
Thus,
targeted
treatment
remains
major
challenge
in
clinical
practice.
This
review
article
surveys
the
latest
evidence
concerning
role
genomic
alteration
current
responses,
trials
potential
targeting
sites,
CSC
drug
resistance,
strategies
CSCs
TNBC.
Furthermore,
insulin-like
1
(IGF-1R)
nicotinic
acetylcholine
(nAChR)
stemness
expression,
chemoresistance,
metastasis
their
relevance
treatments
also
discussed
highlighted.
Frontiers in Oncology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Nov. 6, 2020
TP53
is
the
most
frequently
mutated
tumor
suppressor
gene
in
human
cancer.
The
majority
of
mutations
p53
are
missense
mutations,
leading
to
expression
full
length
mutant
proteins.
Mutant
(Mutp53)
proteins
not
only
lose
wild-type
p53-dependent
suppressive
functions,
but
also
acquire
oncogenic
gain-of-functions
(GOF)
that
promote
tumorigenesis.
In
this
review,
we
summarize
recent
advances
our
understanding
GOF
mutp53
and
potential
therapies
targeting
cancers.
particular,
discuss
promising
drugs
currently
under
clinical
trials
as
well
emerging
therapeutic
strategies,
including
CRISPR/Cas9
based
genome
edition
allele,
small
peptide
mediated
restoration
function,
immunotherapies
directly
eliminate
expressing
cells.
Frontiers in Oncology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: Feb. 20, 2020
Cancer
stem
cells
(CSC)
are
a
distinct
subpopulation
within
tumor.
They
able
to
self-renew
and
differentiate
possess
high
capability
repair
DNA
damage,
exhibit
low
levels
of
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS),
proliferate
slowly.
These
features
render
CSC
resistant
various
therapies,
including
radiation
therapy
(RT).
Eradication
as
many
possible
is
requirement
for
an
effective
antineoplastic
treatment
therefore
utmost
importance
the
patient.
This
makes
prime
targets
any
therapeutic
approach.
Albeit
clinical
data
still
scarce,
experimental
first
trials
give
hope
that
CSC-based
has
potential
improve
treatment,
especially
tumors
known
be
resistant,
such
glioblastoma.
In
this
review,
we
will
discuss
in
context
RT,
describe
mechanisms
resistance,
examine
possibilities
biomarkers,
new
approaches.
