Traumatic Brain Injury: Ultrastructural Features in Neuronal Ferroptosis, Glial Cell Activation and Polarization, and Blood–Brain Barrier Breakdown

Cells, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(5), P. 1009 - 1009

Published: April 24, 2021

The secondary injury process after traumatic brain (TBI) results in motor dysfunction, cognitive and emotional impairment, poor outcomes. These cascades include excitotoxic injury, mitochondrial oxidative stress, ion imbalance, inflammation, increased vascular permeability. Electron microscopy is an irreplaceable tool to understand the complex pathogenesis of TBI as usually accompanied by a series pathologic changes at ultra-micro level cells. ultrastructural different parts neurons (cell body, axon, synapses), glial cells, blood-brain barrier, etc. In view current difficulties treatment TBI, identifying subcellular structures can help us better cascade reactions improve clinical diagnosis treatment. purpose this review summarize discuss related (e.g., condensed membrane ferroptosis), barrier existing reports deepen in-depth study pathomechanism, hoping provide future research direction treatment, with ultimate aim improving prognosis patients TBI.

Language: Английский

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Autophagy and Apoptosis in Acute Brain Injuries: From Mechanism to Treatment

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 38(1-3), P. 234 - 257

Published: May 17, 2022

Significance: Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular mechanisms behind brain injuries, which severe clinical situations with increasing incidences worldwide. To search for more better treatments it is essential to deepen the understanding of autophagy, apoptosis, their interactions in injuries. This article first analyzes how autophagy participate pathogenetic processes injuries respectively mutually, then summarizes some promising targeting show potential applications personalized medicine precision future. Recent Advances: Most current studies suggest that detrimental recovery. Several indicate can cause unnecessary death neurons after while others beneficial acute (ABIs) by facilitating removal damaged proteins organelles. Whether or ABIs depends on many factors, results from different research groups diverse even controversial, making this topic appealing be explored further. Critical Issues: Neuronal primary pathological ABIs. How they interact each other regulations affect outcome prognosis remain uncertain, these answers critical. Future Directions: Insights into interplay between accurate balance may promote precise field Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 234–257.

Language: Английский

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Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction: A state-of-the-art review from a clinical perspective

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: April 17, 2023

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of specialized cells that tightly regulate the in- and outflow molecules from blood to brain parenchyma, protecting brain’s microenvironment. If one BBB components starts fail, its dysfunction can lead a cascade neuroinflammatory events leading neuronal degeneration. Preliminary imaging findings suggest could serve as an early diagnostic prognostic biomarker for number neurological diseases. This review aims provide clinicians with overview emerging field in humans by answering three key questions: (1. Disease) In which diseases be useful? (2. Device) What are currently available methods evaluating integrity? And (3. Distribution) what is potential different environments, particularly resource limited settings? We conclude further advances needed, such validation, standardization implementation readily available, low-cost non-contrast techniques, useful clinical both resource-limited well-resourced settings.

Language: Английский

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Elevated PDGF‐BB from Bone Impairs Hippocampal Vasculature by Inducing PDGFRβ Shedding from Pericytes

Advanced Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(20)

Published: April 27, 2023

Evidence suggests a unique association between bone aging and neurodegenerative/cerebrovascular disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying bone-brain interplay remain elusive. Here platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) produced by preosteoclasts in is reported to promote age-associated hippocampal vascular impairment. Aberrantly elevated circulating PDGF-BB aged mice high-fat diet (HFD)-challenged correlates with capillary reduction, pericyte loss, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability their hippocampus. Preosteoclast-specific Pdgfb transgenic markedly high plasma concentration faithfully recapitulate BBB impairment cognitive decline. Conversely, preosteoclast-specific knockout have attenuated or HFD-challenged mice. Persistent exposure of brain pericytes concentrations upregulates matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14), which promotes ectodomain shedding PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) from surface. MMP inhibitor treatment alleviates loss reduction conditional antagonizes leakage The findings establish role bone-derived mediating disruption identify ligand-induced PDGFRβ as feedback mechanism for downregulation consequent loss.

Language: Английский

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Exosomes; multifaceted nanoplatform for targeting brain cancers

Cancer Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 557, P. 216077 - 216077

Published: Jan. 30, 2023

Language: Английский

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