Role of Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Sept. 6, 2021

Atherosclerosis is a chronic lipid-driven and maladaptive inflammatory disease of arterial intima. It characterized by the dysfunction lipid homeostasis signaling pathways that control inflammation. This article reviews role inflammation accumulation, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in pathogenesis atherosclerosis, with more emphasis on cellular mechanisms. Furthermore, this review will briefly highlight medicinal plants, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNAs pathophysiology, treatment, prevention atherosclerosis. Lipid at various levels, including receptor-mediated uptake, synthesis, storage, metabolism, efflux, its impairments are important for development The major source cholesterol accumulation wall proatherogenic modified (mLDL). Modified lipoproteins, such as oxidized (ox-LDL) LDL binding proteoglycans extracellular matrix intima blood vessels, cause aggregation particles, endothelial damage, leukocyte recruitment, foam cell formation, Inflammation key contributor to atherosclerosis participates all phases Also, several studies have shown lncRNAs appeared regulators physiological pathophysiological processes regulation HDL biogenesis, regulating smooth muscle proliferation, controlling Thus, both immune response closely linked, their molecular interact each other.

Language: Английский

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Foam Cells in Atherosclerosis: Novel Insights Into Its Origins, Consequences, and Molecular Mechanisms

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: April 13, 2022

Foam cells play a vital role in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize novel insights into origins, consequences, molecular mechanisms foam atherosclerotic plaques. are originated from monocytes as well vascular smooth muscle (VSMC), stem/progenitor cells, endothelium cells. Novel technologies including lineage tracing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have revolutionized our understanding subtypes monocyte- VSMC-derived By using scRNA-seq, three main clusters resident-like, inflammatory, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (Trem2

Language: Английский

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Inflammatory Cells in Atherosclerosis

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 233 - 233

Published: Jan. 26, 2022

Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive disease that involves damage to the intima, inflammatory cell recruitment and accumulation of lipids followed by calcification plaque rupture. Inflammation considered key mediator many events during development progression disease. Various types cells are reported be involved in atherosclerosis. In present paper, we discuss cells, their characteristic functional significance The detailed understanding role all these at different stages sheds more light on subject provides valuable insights as where when therapy should targeted.

Language: Английский

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Macrophages and Foam Cells: Brief Overview of Their Role, Linkage, and Targeting Potential in Atherosclerosis

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(9), P. 1221 - 1221

Published: Sept. 14, 2021

Atherosclerosis is still one of the main causes death around globe. This condition leads to various life-threatening cardiovascular complications. However, no effective preventive measures are known apart from lifestyle corrections, and cure has been developed. Despite numerous studies in field atherogenesis, there huge gaps already poor understanding mechanisms that underlie disease. Inflammation lipid metabolism violations undoubtedly key players, but many other factors, such as oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, contribute pathogenesis atherosclerosis. overview focusing on role macrophages which at same time a part inflammatory response, also tightly linked foam cell formation, thus taking both crucial for atherogenesis processes. Being essentially involved atherosclerosis development, cells have attracted attention promising target therapeutic approaches.

Language: Английский

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Molecularly targeted nanomedicine enabled by inorganic nanoparticles for atherosclerosis diagnosis and treatment

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 194, P. 114709 - 114709

Published: Jan. 20, 2023

Atherosclerosis, a chronic cardiovascular disease caused by plaque development in arteries, remains leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized the expression regulation key molecules such as cell surface receptors, cytokines, signaling pathway proteins, potentially facilitating precise diagnosis treatment on molecular level specifically targeting characteristic molecules. In this review, we highlight recent progress past five years developing molecularly targeted nanomedicine for imaging detection atherosclerosis with use inorganic nanoparticles. Through delivery contrast nanoparticles to specific atherogenesis, atherosclerotic at different stages could be identified monitored via various modalities. We also review therapeutic approaches that target regulate associated lipid regulation, inflammation, apoptosis. The is concluded discussion current challenges future treatment.

Language: Английский

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Perivascular adipose-derived exosomes reduce macrophage foam cell formation through miR-382-5p and the BMP4-PPARγ-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathways

Vascular Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 143, P. 106968 - 106968

Published: Feb. 2, 2022

Language: Английский

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Canonical and non-canonical roles of complement in atherosclerosis

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(11), P. 743 - 761

Published: April 10, 2024

Language: Английский

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Evolving concepts in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: from endothelial dysfunction to thrombus formation through multiple shades of inflammation

Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(Supplement 2), P. e156 - e167

Published: May 1, 2023

Atherosclerosis is the anatomo-pathological substrate of most cardio, cerebro and vascular diseases such as acute chronic coronary syndromes, stroke peripheral artery diseases. The pathophysiology atherosclerotic plaque its complications are under continuous investigation. In last 2 decades our understanding on formation, progression complication lesion has greatly improved role immunity inflammation now well documented accepted. conventional risk factors modulate endothelial function determining switch to a proatherosclerotic phenotype. From this point, lipid accumulation with an imbalance from cholesterol influx efflux, foam cells T-cell activation, cytokines release matrix-degrading enzymes production occur. Lesions high inflammatory rate become vulnerable prone rupture. Once complicated, intraplaque thrombogenic material, tissue factor, exposed flowing blood, thus inducing coagulation cascade platelets aggregation finally intravascular thrombus formation that leads clinical manifestations disease. Nonconventional factors, gut microbiome, emerging novel markers atherosclerosis. Several data indicate microbiota may play causative in lesions. dysbiosis-related microbiota-derived metabolites have been proposed main working hypothesis contributing disease progression. current evidence suggest nonconventional degree lesion, influencing final fate. Based hypothesis, targeting seems be promising approach further improve management atherosclerotic-related

Language: Английский

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Hydroxytyrosol Reduces Foam Cell Formation and Endothelial Inflammation Regulating the PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1 Pathway

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 2057 - 2057

Published: Jan. 20, 2023

Cholesterol accumulation in macrophages leads to the formation of foam cells and increases risk developing atherosclerosis. We have verified whether hydroxytyrosol (HT), a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory antioxidant properties, can reduce cholesterol build up THP-1 macrophage-derived cells. also investigated potential mechanisms. Oil Red O staining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays were utilized detect cellular lipid content, respectively, treated HT. The impact HT on metabolism-related molecules (SR-A1, CD36, LOX-1, ABCA1, ABCG1, PPARγ LRX-α) was assessed using real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) Western blot analyses. Finally, effect adhesion monocytes human vascular endothelial (HUVEC) analyzed study activation. found that activates PPARγ/LXRα pathway upregulate ABCA1 expression, reducing Moreover, significantly inhibited monocyte reduced levels factors (ICAM-1 VCAM-1) pro-inflammatory (IL-6 TNF-α) LPS-induced Taken together, our findings suggest HT, its ability interfere import export cholesterol, could represent new therapeutic strategy for treatment atherosclerotic disease.

Language: Английский

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Lipid-laden foam cells in the pathology of atherosclerosis: shedding light on new therapeutic targets

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(12), P. 1231 - 1245

Published: Nov. 27, 2023

Introduction Lipid-laden foam cells within atherosclerotic plaques are key players in all phases of lesion development including its progression, necrotic core formation, fibrous cap thinning, and eventually plaque rupture. Manipulating cell biology is thus an attractive therapeutic strategy at early, middle, even late stages atherosclerosis. Traditional therapies have focused on prevention, especially lowering plasma lipid levels. Despite these interventions, atherosclerosis remains a major cause cardiovascular disease, responsible for the largest numbers death worldwide.

Language: Английский

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