Frontiers in Microbiology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Feb. 10, 2025
Background
Cryptococcal
meningitis
(CM)
is
a
significant
global
health
issue,
particularly
affecting
individuals
with
HIV.
Amphotericin
B
(AmB)
serves
as
the
cornerstone
treatment
for
CM;
however,
its
clinical
application
restricted
due
to
limited
penetration
of
blood–brain
barrier
and
associated
nephrotoxicity.
Objective
This
study
investigates
use
exosomes
derived
from
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
(iPSC-Exos)
carriers
AmB
in
treating
CM,
aiming
enhance
therapeutic
efficacy
safety
reduce
toxicity.
Methods
Exosomes
were
extracted
iPSC
culture
supernatants
using
ultrafiltration
ultracentrifugation.
Their
morphology
size
analyzed
transmission
electron
microscopy
(TEM)
nanoparticle
flow
cytometry
(nFCM).
Purity
was
confirmed
by
Western
blotting
markers
CD9,
CD63,
TSG101.
loaded
into
iPSC-Exos
co-incubation
method.
The
cytotoxicity
iPSC-Exo/AmB
complex
evaluated
on
HEK
293
T
RAW264.7
CCK-8
assay,
while
apoptosis
assessed
live/dead
cell
staining
cytometry.
hemolytic
effects
tested
rabbit
red
blood
cells.
In
C57BL/6
J
mouse
model
cryptococcal
infection,
groups
(AmB,
iPSC-Exo/AmB,
iPSC-Exo)
administered
corresponding
drugs,
brain
samples
collected
analysis.
minimum
inhibitory
concentration
(MIC)
conventional
against
Cryptococcus
determined.
Results
exhibited
reduced
vitro
decreased
AmB-induced
renal
hepatic
toxicity
vivo
.
Its
MIC
over
eight
times
lower
than
AmB,
significantly
reducing
fungal
burden
lowering
serum
inflammatory
factors.
Conclusion
promising
strategy
that
enhances
toxicity,
offering
new
hope
CM
other
refractory
infections
central
nervous
system.
Neurology International,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
17(1), P. 6 - 6
Published: Jan. 13, 2025
Neuroinflammation
is
a
blanket
term
that
describes
the
body’s
complex
inflammatory
response
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
It
encompasses
phenotype
shift
to
proinflammatory
state,
release
of
cytokines,
recruitment
peripheral
immune
cells,
and
wide
variety
other
processes.
has
been
implicated
nearly
every
major
CNS
disease
ranging
from
Alzheimer’s
brain
cancer.
Understanding
modeling
neuroinflammation
critical
for
identification
novel
therapeutic
targets
treatment
diseases.
Unfortunately,
translation
findings
non-human
models
left
much
be
desired.
This
review
systematically
discusses
role
human
pluripotent
stem
cell
(hPSC)-derived
glia
supporting
cells
within
CNS,
including
astrocytes,
microglia,
oligodendrocyte
precursor
pericytes,
endothelial
describe
state
field
hope
future
discoveries.
hPSC-derived
offer
an
expanded
potential
study
pathobiology
immunomodulatory
cascades
impact
progression.
While
progress
made
development
models,
there
explore
application
these
understand
CNS.
Frontiers in Microbiology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Feb. 10, 2025
Background
Cryptococcal
meningitis
(CM)
is
a
significant
global
health
issue,
particularly
affecting
individuals
with
HIV.
Amphotericin
B
(AmB)
serves
as
the
cornerstone
treatment
for
CM;
however,
its
clinical
application
restricted
due
to
limited
penetration
of
blood–brain
barrier
and
associated
nephrotoxicity.
Objective
This
study
investigates
use
exosomes
derived
from
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
(iPSC-Exos)
carriers
AmB
in
treating
CM,
aiming
enhance
therapeutic
efficacy
safety
reduce
toxicity.
Methods
Exosomes
were
extracted
iPSC
culture
supernatants
using
ultrafiltration
ultracentrifugation.
Their
morphology
size
analyzed
transmission
electron
microscopy
(TEM)
nanoparticle
flow
cytometry
(nFCM).
Purity
was
confirmed
by
Western
blotting
markers
CD9,
CD63,
TSG101.
loaded
into
iPSC-Exos
co-incubation
method.
The
cytotoxicity
iPSC-Exo/AmB
complex
evaluated
on
HEK
293
T
RAW264.7
CCK-8
assay,
while
apoptosis
assessed
live/dead
cell
staining
cytometry.
hemolytic
effects
tested
rabbit
red
blood
cells.
In
C57BL/6
J
mouse
model
cryptococcal
infection,
groups
(AmB,
iPSC-Exo/AmB,
iPSC-Exo)
administered
corresponding
drugs,
brain
samples
collected
analysis.
minimum
inhibitory
concentration
(MIC)
conventional
against
Cryptococcus
determined.
Results
exhibited
reduced
vitro
decreased
AmB-induced
renal
hepatic
toxicity
vivo
.
Its
MIC
over
eight
times
lower
than
AmB,
significantly
reducing
fungal
burden
lowering
serum
inflammatory
factors.
Conclusion
promising
strategy
that
enhances
toxicity,
offering
new
hope
CM
other
refractory
infections
central
nervous
system.
