Mitochondria: It is all about energy

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: April 25, 2023

Mitochondria play a key role in both health and disease. Their function is not limited to energy production but serves multiple mechanisms varying from iron calcium homeostasis the of hormones neurotransmitters, such as melatonin. They enable influence communication at all physical levels through interaction with other organelles, nucleus, outside environment. The literature suggests crosstalk between mitochondria circadian clocks, gut microbiota, immune system. might even be hub supporting integrating activity across these domains. Hence, they (missing) link Mitochondrial dysfunction related metabolic syndrome, neuronal diseases, cancer, cardiovascular infectious inflammatory disorders. In this regard, diseases Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), pain are discussed. This review focuses on understanding mitochondrial action that allow for maintenance pathways toward dysregulated mechanisms. Although have allowed us adapt changes over course evolution, turn, evolution has shaped mitochondria. Each evolution-based intervention influences its own way. use physiological stress triggers tolerance stressor, achieving adaptability resistance. describes strategies could recover functioning providing comprehensive, root-cause-focused, integrative approach recovering treating people suffering diseases.

Language: Английский

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Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(19), P. 3934 - 3934

Published: Sept. 22, 2022

Melatonin has become a popular dietary supplement, most known as chronobiotic, and for establishing healthy sleep. Research over the last decade into cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, fertility, PCOS, many other conditions, combined with COVID-19 pandemic, led to greater awareness of melatonin because its ability act potent antioxidant, immune-active agent, mitochondrial regulator. There are distinct similarities between vitamin D in depth breadth their impact on health. Both hormones, affect systems through immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory functions, found skin, responsive sunlight darkness. In fact, there may be widespread concern about deficiency “sunlight deficiency” reduced secretion result “darkness from overexposure artificial blue light. The trend toward use supplements resulted safety, especially higher doses, long-term use, application certain populations (e.g., children). This review aims evaluate recent data melatonin’s mechanisms, clinical uses beyond sleep, safety concerns, thorough summary therapeutic considerations concerning supplementation, including different formats available (animal, synthetic, phytomelatonin), dosing, timing, contraindications, nutrient combinations.

Language: Английский

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The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus at 50: Looking Back, Then Looking Forward

Journal of Biological Rhythms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 39(2), P. 135 - 165

Published: Feb. 16, 2024

It has been 50 years since the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was first identified as central circadian clock and 25 last overview of developments in field published Journal Biological Rhythms. Here, we explore new mechanisms concepts that have emerged subsequent years. Since 1997, methodological developments, such luminescent fluorescent reporter techniques, revealed intricate relationships between cellular network-level mechanisms. In particular, specific neuropeptides arginine vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide key players synchronization rhythms within SCN. The discovery multiple oscillators governing behavioral physiological significantly advanced our understanding clock. interaction neurons glial cells found to play a crucial role regulating these Furthermore, properties SCN network vary across ontogenetic stages. application cell type–specific genetic manipulations components functional input-output system their correlation with functions. This review concludes high-risk effort identifying open questions challenges lie ahead.

Language: Английский

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An Expanding Role for Nonvisual Opsins in Extraocular Light Sensing Physiology

Annual Review of Vision Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. 245 - 267

Published: May 17, 2023

We live on a planet that is bathed in daily and seasonal sunlight cycles. In this context, terrestrial life forms have evolved mechanisms directly harness light energy (plants) or decode information for adaptive advantage. animals, the main sensors are family of G protein-coupled receptors called opsins. Opsin function best described visual sense. However, most animals also use opsins extraocular sensing behavior camouflage. While it has long been believed mammals do not an capacity, recent evidence suggests otherwise. Notably, encephalopsin (OPN3) neuropsin (OPN5) both known to mediate mice. Examples mediation include photoentrainment circadian clocks skin (by OPN5) acute light-dependent regulation metabolic pathways OPN3 OPN5). This review summarizes current findings expanding field photoreception their relevance human physiology.

Language: Английский

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The Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Accumbens as Circadian Oscillators: Implications for Drug Abuse and Substance Use Disorders

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: April 27, 2022

Circadian rhythms convergently evolved to allow for optimal synchronization of individuals’ physiological and behavioral processes with the Earth’s 24-h periodic cycling environmental light temperature. Whereas suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is considered primary pacemaker mammalian circadian system, many extra-SCN oscillatory brain regions have been identified not only exhibit sustainable in molecular clock function, but also overall region activity/function mediated behaviors. In this review, we present most recent evidence ventral tegmental area (VTA) accumbens (NAc) serve as oscillators highlight studies that illustrate functional significance VTA’s NAc’s inherent properties they relate reward-processing, drug abuse, vulnerability develop substance use disorders (SUDs).

Language: Английский

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The multiple roles of salt-inducible kinases in regulating physiology

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 103(3), P. 2231 - 2269

Published: Feb. 2, 2023

Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs), which comprise a family of three homologous serine-threonine kinases, were first described for their role in sodium sensing but have since been shown to regulate multiple aspects physiology. These are activated or deactivated response extracellular signals that cell surface receptor mediated and go on phosphorylate targets including the transcription cofactors CRTC1-3 class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs). Thus, SIK conveys about cellular environment reprogram transcriptional posttranscriptional processes response. In this manner, SIKs metabolic responses feeding/fasting, division oncogenesis, inflammation, immune responses, most recently, sleep circadian rhythms. Sleep rhythms master regulators physiology exquisitely sensitive regulation by environmental light physiological such as need sleep. be central molecular both these processes. Here, we summarize mechanisms control different domains highlight where there is mechanistic overlap with sleep/circadian rhythm control.

Language: Английский

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Microbial circadian clocks: host-microbe interplay in diel cycles

BMC Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: May 9, 2023

Abstract Background Circadian rhythms, observed across all domains of life, enable organisms to anticipate and prepare for diel changes in environmental conditions. In bacteria, a circadian clock mechanism has only been characterized cyanobacteria date. These clocks regulate cyclical patterns gene expression metabolism which contribute the success their natural environments. The potential impact self-generated rhythms other bacterial microbial populations motivated extensive research identify novel clocks. Main text Daily oscillations community composition function have ocean ecosystems symbioses. are influenced by abiotic factors such as light availability nutrients. some marine symbioses, largely controlled light-dark cycles. gut systems, influx nutrients after host feeding drastically alters microbiota. Conversely, microbiota can influence rhythm variety mechanisms including through interacting with immune system. intricate complex relationship between makes it challenging disentangle behaviors from that might govern daily these populations. Conclusions While ability would likely be enhanced self-sustained rhythm, more evidence further studies needed confirm whether host-associated heterotrophic bacteria possess systems. addition, respond cycles conditions yet uncovered.

Language: Английский

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Skeletal muscle gene expression dysregulation in long-term spaceflights and aging is clock-dependent

npj Microgravity, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: April 3, 2023

The circadian clock regulates cellular and molecular processes in mammals across all tissues including skeletal muscle, one of the largest organs human body. Dysregulated rhythms are characteristic aging crewed spaceflight, associated with, for example, musculoskeletal atrophy. Molecular insights into spaceflight-related alterations regulation muscle still missing. Here, we investigated potential functional consequences disruptions on using published omics datasets obtained from spaceflights other clock-altering, external (fasting exercise), or internal (aging) conditions Earth. Our analysis identified network muscle-associated pathways, as a result spaceflight duration mice, which resembles aging-related gene expression changes observed humans Earth (e.g., ATF4 downregulation, with atrophy). Furthermore, according to our results, factors such exercise fasting lead core-clock network, may compensate disruption during spaceflights. Thus, maintaining functioning is crucial ameliorate unphysiological atrophy reported among astronauts.

Language: Английский

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Impaired Melatonin Secretion, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome in Night Shift Work

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 959 - 959

Published: April 19, 2023

Metabolic syndrome has been associated in many studies with working shifts. Even if the mechanistic details are not fully understood, forced sleep deprivation and exposure to light, as happens during night shifts, or irregular schedules late very early onset of program, lead a sleep–wake rhythm misalignment, metabolic dysregulation oxidative stress. The cyclic melatonin secretion is regulated by hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei light exposure. At central level, promotes inhibits wake-signals. Beside this role, acts an antioxidant influences functionality cardiovascular system different processes. This review presents data about influence shifts on Assembling from epidemiological, experimental clinical contributes better understanding pathological links between chronodisruption related

Language: Английский

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Waking Up the Sleep Field: An Overview on the Implications of Genetics and Bioinformatics of Sleep

Molecular Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 66(5), P. 919 - 931

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

Language: Английский

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