Clinical Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 18, 2025
Abstract
Background
There
have
been
conflicting
messages
about
the
influence
of
female
sex
hormones
on
women's
health,
with
historical
messaging
indicating
that
use
estrogen
and/or
progesterone
in
peri-
or
postmenopause
poses
a
significant
clinical
risk
to
cisgender
women.
More
recent
guidance
indicates
benefit
hormone
therapy
(HT)
outweighs
risks
for
symptomatic
Exogenous
is
also
indicated
contraception
and
gender-affirming
care.
Despite
potential
broad
applications,
robust
reference
intervals
estradiol,
progesterone,
luteinizing
(LH)
follicle-stimulating
(FSH)
are
lacking,
guidelines
indicate
measurement
17-β-estradiol
(E2),
LH,
FSH
does
not
facilitate
care
women
who
may
be
experiencing
menopausal
symptoms
taking
exogenous
HT.
Content
Here
we
review
physiological
roles
estrogen,
FSH.
We
examine
modes
administration
clarify
nomenclature
related
use,
comprehensively
literature
studies
evaluating
normal
concentrations
these
gonadal
axis
during
menstrual
cycle.
The
content
primarily
focuses
women,
but
some
aspects
transgender
will
discussed.
Summary
Currently,
E2,
FSH,
remain
incomplete.
Although
there
variety
indications
using
HT,
shared
decision-making
should
guide
Collaborative
efforts
between
clinicians
laboratory
professionals
better
define
therapeutic
can
advance
health
globally.
Frontiers in Nutrition,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: Feb. 11, 2025
Polycystic
ovary
syndrome
(PCOS)
is
a
multifaceted
endocrine
disorder
characterized
by
irregularities
in
gonadotropin
secretion,
hyperandrogenism,
chronic
anovulation,
and
polycystic
ovarian
morphology.
In
addition,
it
often
associated
with
metabolic
dysfunctions,
most
notably
insulin
resistance
(IR).
This
affects
approximately
6–20%
of
individuals,
primarily
emerging
during
early
adolescence,
considerably
increases
the
risk
conditions
such
as
impaired
glucose
tolerance,
type
2
diabetes,
endometrial
cancer,
cardiovascular
diseases,
dyslipidemia,
postpartum
complications.
To
date,
there
no
standardized
protocol
for
treating
PCOS.
Existing
therapies
rely
on
personalized
pharmacotherapy
lifestyle
modifications.
However,
these
treatments
may
lead
to
adverse
effects,
medications
prescribed
PCOS
are
used
off-label
have
not
secured
approval
from
U.S.
Food
Drug
Administration
specifically
this
condition.
Recently,
natural
compounds
garnered
considerable
attention
due
their
efficacy
hormone
modulation
minimal
toxicity.
Substances
myo-inositol,
resveratrol,
berberine,
quercetin
shown
promise
mitigating
symptoms.
Their
multi-target
properties
offer
potential
achieve
outcomes
unattainable
single-target
pharmaceuticals,
particularly
managing
heterogeneous
conditions.
review
aims
comprehensively
analyze
vivo
vitro
research
alongside
clinical
interventions
evaluate
influence
prevalence
therapeutic
potential.
These
investigations
lay
groundwork
developing
innovative
strategies
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(9), P. 1299 - 1299
Published: Sept. 14, 2022
The
specific
regulation
of
inflammatory
processes
by
steroid
hormones
has
been
actively
studied
in
recent
years,
especially
progesterone
(P4)
and
progestins.
mechanisms
the
anti-inflammatory
immunomodulatory
P4
action
are
not
fully
clear.
effects
can
be
defined
as
nonspecific,
associated
with
inhibition
NF-κB
COX,
well
prostaglandin
synthesis,
or
specific,
T-cell
activation,
production
pro-
cytokines,
phenomenon
immune
tolerance.
its
derivatives
(progestins)
also
include
proliferative
signaling
pathways
antagonistic
against
estrogen
receptor
beta-mediated
a
proinflammatory
mitogenic
factor.
is
accomplished
through
participation
(PR)
chaperones
HSP90,
immunophilins
FKBP51
FKBP52,
which
validated
targets
clinically
approved
immunosuppressive
drugs.
HSP90
inhibitors,
tacrolimus
cyclosporine,
manifested,
among
other
factors,
due
to
their
formation
an
active
ligand–receptor
complex
interaction
constituent
immunophilins.
Pharmacological
agents
such
inhibitors
restore
lost
effect
glucocorticoids
chronic
autoimmune
diseases.
By
regulating
activity
it
possible
increase
decrease
hormonal
signaling,
during
development
hormone
resistance.
combined
immunophilin
suppressors
may
promising
strategy
treatment
diseases,
including
endometriosis,
stress-related
disorders,
rheumatoid
arthritis,
miscarriages.
Presumably,
receptor-
immunophilin-targeted
drugs
act
synergistically,
allowing
for
lower
dose
each.
The Journal of Headache and Pain,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
24(1)
Published: March 26, 2023
Abstract
Migraine
is
a
severe
neurovascular
disorder
of
which
the
pathophysiology
not
yet
fully
understood.
Besides
role
inflammatory
mediators
that
interact
with
trigeminovascular
system,
cyclic
fluctuations
in
sex
steroid
hormones
are
involved
dimorphism
migraine
attacks.
In
addition,
pituitary-derived
hormone
prolactin
and
hypothalamic
neuropeptide
oxytocin
have
been
reported
to
play
modulating
contribute
its
sex-dependent
differences.
The
current
narrative
review
explores
relationship
between
these
two
migraine.
We
describe
physiological
oxytocin,
pain,
potential
therapies
targeting
or
their
receptors.
summary,
nociception
opposite
ways.
Both
operate
at
peripheral
central
levels,
however,
has
pronociceptive
effect,
while
appears
an
antinociceptive
effect.
Therefore,
treatment
should
aim
block
effects
using
receptor
antagonists
monoclonal
antibodies
specifically
acting
migraine-pain
related
structures.
This
action
be
local
order
avoid
decrease
levels
throughout
body
associated
adverse
effects.
contrast,
enhance
signalling
effects,
for
example
intranasal
administration
possibly
other
agonists.
Interestingly,
co-localized
estrogen
receptors
as
well
calcitonin
gene-related
peptide
receptor,
providing
positive
perspective
on
possibilities
adequate
pharmacological
nociceptive
pathways.
Nevertheless,
many
questions
remain
answered.
More
particularly,
there
insufficient
data
men
correct
dosing
according
differences,
hormonal
changes
comorbidities.
above
remains
major
challenge
future
development.
American Journal of Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
181(5), P. 445 - 456
Published: Jan. 10, 2024
Alcohol
use
disorder
(AUD)
constitutes
a
critical
public
health
issue
and
has
sex-specific
characteristics.
Initial
evidence
suggests
that
progesterone
estradiol
might
reduce
or
increase
alcohol
intake,
respectively.
However,
there
is
need
for
better
understanding
of
how
the
menstrual
cycle
in
females
ratio
to
males
influence
patterns
individuals
with
AUD.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: Feb. 28, 2024
Abstract
Sleep-disordered
breathing
(SDB)
is
a
prevalent
disorder
characterized
by
recurrent
episodic
upper
airway
obstruction.
Using
data
from
the
Hispanic
Community
Health
Study/Study
of
Latinos
(HCHS/SOL),
we
apply
principal
component
analysis
(PCA)
to
seven
SDB-related
measures.
We
estimate
associations
top
two
SDB
PCs
with
serum
levels
617
metabolites,
in
both
single-metabolite
analysis,
and
joint
penalized
regression
analysis.
The
discovery
includes
3299
individuals,
validation
separate
dataset
1522
individuals.
Five
metabolite
are
discovered
replicated.
PC1,
frequent
respiratory
events
common
older
male
adults,
associated
pregnanolone
progesterone-related
sulfated
metabolites.
PC2,
short
event
length
self-reported
restless
sleep,
enriched
young
sphingomyelins.
Metabolite
risk
scores
(MRSs),
representing
signatures
PCs,
6-year
incident
hypertension
diabetes.
These
MRSs
have
potential
serve
as
biomarkers
for
SDB,
guiding
stratification
treatment
decisions.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16(9), P. 2425 - 2432
Published: Feb. 27, 2025
Herein,
we
present
the
first
experimental
observation
of
isolated
progesterone,
an
endogenous
steroid,
placed
in
gas
phase
by
laser
ablation
and
characterized
a
supersonic
expansion
Fourier
transform
microwave
techniques.
Guided
quantum-chemical
calculations,
assigned
rotational
spectrum
most
stable
structure.
The
internal
rotation
acetyl
methyl
group
led
to
A-E
doublets
spectrum,
which
were
analyzed,
resulting
V3
barrier
2.4425
±
0.0025
kJ
mol-1.
By
fitting
over
250
transitions,
determined
accurate
constants
that
enabled
us
compare
geometrical
parameters
with
those
crystalline
forms
complexes
progesterone
receptors.
Our
results
indicate
A
ring
contains
ketone
is
surprisingly
flexible,
despite
its
rigid
appearance.
This
finding
particularly
significant,
since
this
active
biological
site
involved
strong
intermolecular
interactions.
Notably,
C21H30O2
largest
molecule
investigated
using
spectroscopy.
Nanoscale,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(39), P. 18134 - 18164
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Hormones
are
chemical
messengers
that
regulate
a
wide
range
of
physiological
processes
including
metabolism,
development,
growth,
reproduction
and
mood.
The
concentration
hormones
orchestrate
the
numerous
bodily
functions
is
very
low
(1
nM
or
less).
Efforts
have
been
made
to
develop
highly
sensitive
tools
detect
them.
This
review
represents
critical
comparison
between
different
types
nanoparticle-based
electrochemical
biosensors
for
detection
various
hormones,
namely
cortisol,
sex
(estradiol,
progesterone,
testosterone),
insulin,
thyroid-stimulating
hormone
(TSH)
growth
(GH).
investigated
each
first
divided
on
basis
biological
fluid
tested
their
detection,
successively
transducer
utilized
in
device
(voltammetric
impedimetric).
Focus
placed
nanoparticles
employed
successive
electrode
modification
developed
order
improve
sensitivity
specificity
biosensor
stability.
Limit
(LOD),
linear
range,
reproducibility
possibility
regeneration
continuous
reuse
also
compared.
addresses
recent
trends
development
wearable
point-of-care
testing
clinical
diagnostics
useful
endocrinology
research,
future
perspectives
regarding
integration
nanomaterials,
microfluidics,
near
field
communication
(NFC)
technology
portable
devices.
