Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Human Body

Medicina, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 60(4), P. 653 - 653

Published: April 18, 2024

Radioactivity is a process in which the nuclei of unstable atoms spontaneously decay, producing other and releasing energy form ionizing radiation alpha (α) beta (β) particles as well emission gamma (γ) electromagnetic waves. People may be exposed to various forms, casualties nuclear accidents, workers power plants, or while working using different sources medicine health care. Acute syndrome (ARS) occurs subjects very high dose short period time. Each has unique pathophysiological effect. Unfortunately, higher organisms—human beings—in course evolution have not acquired receptors for direct “capture” energy, transferred at level DNA, cells, tissues, organs. Radiation biological systems depends on amount absorbed its spatial distribution, particularly depending linear transfer (LET). Photon with low LET leads homogeneous deposition entire tissue volume. On hand, produces fast Bragg peak, generates input dose, whereby penetration depth into increases energy. The consequences are mutations, apoptosis, development cancer, cell death. most sensitive cells those that divide intensively—bone marrow digestive tract reproductive skin cells. care system public should raise awareness radiation. Therefore, our aim identify ARS taking account damage respiratory system, nervous hematopoietic gastrointestinal tract, skin.

Language: Английский

---

Structural and functional changes in the hippocampus induced by environmental exposures

Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(1), P. 5 - 19

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

The hippocampus, noted as (HC), plays a crucial role in the processes of learning, memory formation, and spatial navigation. Recent research reveals that this brain region can undergo structural functional changes due to environmental exposures, including stress, noise pollution, sleep deprivation, microgravity. This review synthesizes findings from animal human studies, emphasizing HC's plasticity response these factors. It examines volume, architecture, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, gene expression highlights critical periods vulnerability influences impacting cognition behavior. also investigates underlying mechanisms such glucocorticoid signaling, epigenetic alterations, neural circuit adaptations. Understanding how HC reacts various exposures is vital for developing strategies enhance cognitive resilience mitigate negative effects on region. Further needed identify protective risk factors create effective interventions.

Language: Английский

---

Intranasal Delivery of AEP Inhibitor-Loaded Neuron-Targeted Liposome Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Brain Injury

Materials Today Bio, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 31, P. 101568 - 101568

Published: Feb. 11, 2025

Acute exposure to high-dose radiation during head and neck tumors radiotherapy can result in radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI), characterized by neurocognitive deficits, dementia, epilepsy. Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a cysteine proteinase, is effective preventing neurodegenerative diseases RIBI. However, the limited permeability of selective AEP inhibitor (AEPI) delivery reduces its effectiveness This study constructed nose-to-brain platform for AEPI encapsulating it liposomes that are surface modified with rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29), creating RVG29-AEPI liposomes. These demonstrated efficient cellular uptake blood-brain barrier penetration vitro vivo. effectively shielded DNA from damage resulted more reactive oxygen species removal than primary neurons microglial cells. Notably, treatment (10 mg/kg AEPI) was highly systemically safe significantly reduced injury. Behavioral tests liposomes-treated mice had less motor dysfunction. Moreover, prevented neuronal microglia cell activation under photon modern proton irradiation. findings demonstrate potential medication radioprotection, indicating viable technique enormous clinical translation.

Language: Английский

---

Cranial irradiation disrupts homeostatic microglial dynamic behavior

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: April 3, 2024

Abstract Cranial irradiation causes cognitive deficits that are in part mediated by microglia, the resident immune cells of brain. Microglia highly reactive, exhibiting changes shape and morphology depending on function they performing. Additionally, microglia processes make dynamic, physical contacts with different components their environment to monitor functional state brain promote plasticity. Though evidence suggests radiation perturbs homeostatic functions, it is unknown how cranial impacts dynamic behavior over time. Here, we paired vivo two-photon microscopy a transgenic mouse model labels cortical follow these determine change time irradiated mice control littermates. We show single dose 10 Gy disrupts dynamics during 1-month course. found lasting loss microglial following irradiation, coupled modest dysregulation soma displacement at earlier timepoints. The homogeneous distribution was maintained, suggesting rearrange themselves account for cell maintain territorial organization irradiation. Furthermore, reduced coverage parenchyma surveillance capacity, without overtly changing morphology. Our results demonstrate can induce could influence neurological health. These set foundation future work examining complex cellular which contribute manifestation deficits.

Language: Английский

---

Low-dose-rate induces more severe cognitive impairment than high-dose-rate in rats exposed to chronic low-dose γ-radiation

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 22, 2024

Background Owing to the long penetration depth of gamma (γ)-rays, individuals working in ionizing radiation environments are chronically exposed low-dose γ-radiation, resulting cognitive changes. Dose rate significantly affects radiation-induced biological effects; however, its role chronic γ-irradiation-induced impairment remains unclear. We aimed investigate whether γ-irradiation at low-dose-rate (LDR) could induce and compare alteration caused by LDR high-dose-rate (HDR). Methods The rats were a 6 mGy/h HDR 20 for 30 days (5 h/day). Functional imaging was performed assess brain inflammation blood–brain barrier (BBB) destruction rats. Histological immunofluorescence analyses used reveal neuron damage activation microglia astrocytes hippocampus. RNA sequencing conducted changes gene expression Results group exhibited more persistent than those group. Furthermore, irradiated showed compromised BBB. Histologically, number hippocampal neurons comparable but markedly decreased HDR. Additionally, activated M1-like A1-like observed hippocampus group; only Mechanistically, PI3K–Akt signaling pathway contributed different function change between Conclusion Compared with HDR, induced severe which might involve PI3K/Akt pathway.

Language: Английский

---

Microglia in radiation‐induced brain injury: Cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 30(6)

Published: June 1, 2024

Abstract Background Radiation‐induced brain injury is a neurological condition resulting from radiotherapy for malignant tumors, with its underlying pathogenesis still not fully understood. Current hypotheses suggest that immune cells, particularly the excessive activation of microglia in central nervous system and migration peripheral cells into brain, play critical role initiating progressing injury. This review aimed to summarize latest advances cellular molecular mechanisms therapeutic potential radiation‐induced Methods article critically examines recent developments understanding It elucidates associated explores novel research pathways options managing this condition. Results Post‐irradiation, activated release numerous inflammatory factors, exacerbating neuroinflammation facilitating onset progression damage. Therefore, controlling microglial suppressing secretion related factors crucial preventing While primary factor neuroinflammation, precise by which radiation prompts remain elusive. Multiple signaling likely contribute Conclusions The intricate microenvironment underscore roles progression. By investigating interplay among microglia, neurons, astrocytes, strategies emerge mitigate activation, reduce agents, impede entry brain.

Language: Английский

---

A bibliometric analysis of radiation-induced brain injury: a research of the literature from 1998 to 2023

Discover Oncology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Aug. 22, 2024

Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) is a debilitating sequela after cranial radiotherapy. Research on the topic of RIBI has gradually entered public eye, with more innovations and applications evidence-based research biological mechanism in field that. This was first bibliometric analysis RIBI, assessing related to radiation articles that were published during 1998–2023, provide an emerging theoretical basis for future development RIBI. Literature obtained from Web Science Core Collection (WOSCC) its inception December 31, 2023. The column publications, author details, affiliated institutions countries, publication year, keywords also recorded. A total 2543 journal selected. annual publications fluctuated within certain range. Journal Neuro-oncology most Radiation Oncology impactful one. LIMOLI CL prolific 37 shared highest h-index BARNETT GH. top one country USA University California System, respectively. Clusters co-keywords demonstrated temporal trends this primarily focused imaging examination therapy study collects, visualizes, analyzes literature over last 25 years map process, frontiers hotspots, cutting-edge directions clinical practice mechanisms

Language: Английский

---

X-ray-based ultra-high dose rate FLASH radiotherapy mitigates acute radiation-induced hippocampal injury and inflammation

Journal of Neurorestoratology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 100186 - 100186

Published: Jan. 18, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Central Nervous System Response Against Ionizing Radiation Exposure: Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Perspectives

Molecular Neurobiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 28, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Targeting active microglia alleviates distal edge of proton radiation-induced neural damage

Advances in Radiation Oncology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 101764 - 101764

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---