Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Comprehensive Review of Transmission, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Prevention

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(7), P. 1634 - 1634

Published: June 22, 2023

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, can cause serious infection central nervous system in humans, resulting potential neurological complications and fatal outcomes. TBEV is primarily transmitted to humans through infected tick bites, viral agent circulates between ticks animals, such as deer small mammals. The occurrence aligns with seasonal activity ticks. As no specific antiviral therapy exists for infection, treatment approaches focus on symptomatic relief support. Active immunization highly effective, especially individuals endemic areas. burden infections increasing, posing growing health concern. Reported incidence rates rose from 0.4 0.9 cases per 100,000 people 2015 2020. Baltic Central European countries have highest incidence, but TBE across wide geographic area. Various factors, including social environmental aspects, improved medical awareness, advanced diagnostics, contributed observed increase. Diagnosing be challenging due non-specific nature initial symptoms co-infections. Accurate diagnosis crucial appropriate management, prevention complications, effective control measures. In this comprehensive review, we summarize molecular structure TBEV, its transmission circulation natural environments, pathogenesis epidemiology global distribution virus, associated risk clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches. By improving understanding these aim enhance knowledge promote strategies timely accurate diagnosis, implementation measures against infections.

Language: Английский

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Protective Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide in Alzheimer’s Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 1095 - 1095

Published: May 13, 2023

The gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) critically modulates a plethora of physiological processes across evolutionary boundaries. These include responses to stress and other neuromodulatory effects that are typically dysregulated in aging, disease, injury. H2S has particularly prominent role modulating neuronal health survival under both normal pathologic conditions. Although toxic even fatal at very high concentrations, emerging evidence also revealed pronounced neuroprotective for lower doses endogenously generated or exogenously administered H2S. Unlike traditional neurotransmitters, is gas and, therefore, unable be stored vesicles targeted delivery. Instead, it exerts its physiologic through the persulfidation/sulfhydration target proteins on reactive cysteine residues. Here, we review latest discoveries roles Alzheimer's disease (AD) traumatic brain injury, which one greatest risk factors AD.

Language: Английский

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Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unraveling the Heterogeneity of Astrocytes

Cells, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(11), P. 921 - 921

Published: May 27, 2024

The astrocyte population, around 50% of human brain cells, plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functionality central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are vital orchestrating neuronal development by releasing synaptogenic molecules eliminating excessive synapses. They also modulate excitability contribute to CNS homeostasis, promoting survival clearance neurotransmitters, transporting metabolites, secreting trophic factors. highly heterogeneous respond injuries diseases through process known as reactive astrogliosis, which can both inflammation its resolution. Recent evidence has revealed remarkable alterations transcriptomes response several diseases, identifying at least two distinct phenotypes called A1 or neurotoxic A2 neuroprotective astrocytes. However, due vast heterogeneity these it is limited classify them into only phenotypes. This review explores various physiological pathophysiological roles, potential markers, pathways that might be activated different astrocytic Furthermore, we discuss main neurodegenerative identify therapeutic strategies. Understanding underlying mechanisms differentiation imbalance population will allow identification specific biomarkers timely approaches diseases.

Language: Английский

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Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs underlie severe tick-borne encephalitis in ∼10% of patients

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 221(10)

Published: Sept. 24, 2024

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus (TBEV) is transmitted to humans via tick bites. Infection benign in >90% of the cases but can cause mild (<5%), moderate (<4%), or severe (<1%) encephalitis. We show here that ∼10% patients hospitalized for TBE cohorts from Austria, Czech Republic, and France carry auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α2, -β, and/or -ω at onset disease, contrasting with only ∼1% TBE. These were found two eight who died none 13 silent infection. The odds ratios (OR) individuals these relative those without them general population 4.9 (95% CI: 1.5–15.9, P < 0.0001) neutralization 100 pg/ml IFN-α2 -ω, 20.8 4.5–97.4, 10 ng/ml -ω. Auto-Abs type I IFNs accounted three European cohorts.

Language: Английский

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Blood Markers Show Neural Consequences of LongCOVID-19

Cells, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. 478 - 478

Published: March 8, 2024

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) persists throughout the world with over 65 million registered cases of survivors post-COVID-19 sequelae, also known as LongCOVID-19 (LongC). LongC exhibit various symptoms that span multiple organ systems, including nervous system. To search for neurological markers LongC, we investigated soluble biomolecules present in plasma and proteins associated neuronal-enriched extracellular vesicles (nEVs) 33 patients impairment (nLongC), 12 COVID-19 without any (Cov), 28 pre-COVID-19 healthy controls (HC). positive participants were infected between 2020 2022, not hospitalized, vaccinated or unvaccinated before infection. IL-1β was significantly increased both nLongC Cov IL-8 elevated only nLongC. Both brain-derived neurotrophic factor cortisol compared to HC. nEVs from people had protein neuronal dysfunction, amyloid beta 42, pTau181 TDP-43. This study shows chronic peripheral inflammation stress after Additionally, differentially expressed nEV neurodegenerative identified recovering regardless persistent symptoms.

Language: Английский

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Abortive Infection of Animal Cells: What Goes Wrong

Annual Review of Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 193 - 213

Published: April 18, 2024

Even if a virus successfully binds to cell, defects in any of the downstream steps viral life cycle can preclude production infectious particles. Such abortive infections are likely common nature and provide fundamental insights into cell host tropism pathogens. Research over past 60 years has revealed an incredible diversity by DNA RNA viruses various animal types. Here we discuss general causes specific examples from literature illustrate range that have been reported. We also how critical roles shaping immune responses development virus-induced cancers. Finally, describe be applied basic clinical research, underscoring importance understanding these fascinating aspects biology.

Language: Английский

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Unveiling the role of astrogliosis in Alzheimer’s disease Pathology: Insights into mechanisms and therapeutic approaches

International Immunopharmacology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 141, P. 112940 - 112940

Published: Aug. 17, 2024

Language: Английский

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Astrocytes Are a Key Target for Neurotropic Viral Infection

Cells, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(18), P. 2307 - 2307

Published: Sept. 19, 2023

Astrocytes are increasingly recognized as important viral host cells in the central nervous system. These can produce relatively high quantities of new virions. In part, this be attributed to characteristics astrocyte metabolism and its abundant dynamic cytoskeleton network. anatomically localized adjacent interfaces between blood capillaries brain parenchyma ventricles. Moreover, astrocytes exhibit a larger membrane interface with extracellular space than neurons. properties, together expression various numerous entry receptors, rate endocytosis, morphological plasticity intracellular organelles, render target neurotropic infections. review, we describe factors that mediate susceptibility infection replication, including anatomic localization astrocytes, morphology, forms autophagy.

Language: Английский

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New perspectives on heterogeneity in astrocytic reactivity in neuroinflammation

Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 44, P. 100948 - 100948

Published: Jan. 31, 2025

The inflammatory response is a fundamental aspect of all insults to the central nervous system (CNS), which includes acute trauma, infections, and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. As methods for investigating astrocytes have progressed, recent findings indicate that can react diverse spectrum affecting system. Astrocytes respond external internal stimuli from in process called glial reactivity. Astrocyte reactivity, previously considered uniform functionally inactive, currently very event different processes. These differences occur due nature, intensity stimulus, brain region involved range subtle changes astrocytic morphology protein expression alteration, gene transcription profile shifts, variations secretory pattern molecules. elucidation roles both normal pathological conditions has led increased interest notion various astrocyte subtypes may exist, each contributing with distinct functions. Our study will prioritize characterization patterns context development progression diseases, particularly Alzheimer's Parkinson's. In addition, we investigate astrocyte's during bacterial viral given potential enhance specific therapeutic interventions based on reactivity profiles astrocytes.

Language: Английский

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Cytokine Profile Analysis During Sialodacryoadenitis Virus and Mouse Hepatitis Virus JHM Strain Infection in Primary Mixed Microglia and Astrocyte Culture—Preliminary Research

Cells, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(9), P. 637 - 637

Published: April 25, 2025

The Coronaviridae family has again demonstrated the potential for significant neurological complications in humans during recent pandemic. In patients, these symptoms persist throughout infection, often lasting months. consequences of most post-infection might be linked with abnormal cytokine production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression, resulting neuron damage. We investigated effect infection Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) JHM strain Sialodacryoadenitis (SDAV) on a primary microglia astrocyte culture by analysing ROS production, chemokine cell death one month post infection. For this purpose, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, high-throughput Luminex ProcartaPlex immunopanel 48 cytokines chemokines were utilised. replication MHV-JHM SDAV astrocytes increased pro-inflammatory inhibited anti-inflammatory cytokines. expression induced two viruses differed, as did their detection after resulted much broader response compared to that MHV-JHM. Both significantly levels apoptosis small percentage cells, but without necrosis.

Language: Английский

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