Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges

Molecular Cancer, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

This review highlights recent progress in exosome-based drug delivery for cancer therapy, covering exosome biogenesis, cargo selection mechanisms, and their application across multiple types. As small extracellular vesicles, exosomes exhibit high biocompatibility low immunogenicity, making them ideal vehicles capable of efficiently targeting cells, minimizing off-target damage side effects. aims to explore the potential with a focus on applications chemotherapy, gene immunomodulation. Additionally, challenges related production standardization are analyzed, highlighting importance addressing these issues clinical application. In conclusion, systems offer promising future therapies. Further research should aim enhance efficiency facilitate translation, paving way innovative treatment strategies.

Language: Английский

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Glioblastoma: Clinical Presentation, Multidisciplinary Management, and Long-Term Outcomes

Cancers, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(1), P. 146 - 146

Published: Jan. 5, 2025

Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, presents a formidable challenge due to its rapid progression, treatment resistance, poor survival outcomes. Standard care typically involves maximal safe surgical resection, followed by fractionated external beam radiation therapy concurrent temozolomide chemotherapy. Despite these interventions, median remains approximately 12–15 months, with five-year rate below 10%. Prognosis is influenced factors such as patient age, molecular characteristics, extent of resection. Patients IDH-mutant tumors or methylated MGMT promoters generally have improved survival, while recurrent glioblastoma associated only six therapies cases are often palliative. Innovative treatments, including TTFields, add incremental benefits, extending around 20.9 months for eligible patients. Symptom management—addressing seizures, headaches, neurological deficits—alongside psychological support patients caregivers essential enhance quality life. Emerging targeted immunotherapies, though still limited efficacy, show promise part an evolving landscape. Continued research clinical trials remain crucial developing more effective treatments. This multidisciplinary approach, incorporating diagnostics, personalized therapy, supportive care, aims improve outcomes provides hopeful foundation advancing management.

Language: Английский

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Optimizing Therapeutics for Intratumoral Cancer Treatments: Antiproliferative Vanadium Complexes in Glioblastoma

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 994 - 994

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

Glioblastoma, an aggressive cancer, is difficult to treat due its location, late detection, drug resistance, and poor absorption of chemotherapeutics. Intratumoral administration offers a promising potential treatment alternative with localized delivery minimal systemic toxicity. Vanadium(V) coordination complexes, incorporating Schiff base catecholate ligands, have shown effects as antiproliferative agents tunable efficacy reactivity, stability, steric bulk, hydrophobicity, uptake, toxicity optimized for the intratumoral vehicle. A new series oxovanadium(V) base–catecholate complexes were synthesized characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-Vis, infrared spectroscopy mass spectrometry. Stability under physiological conditions was assessed via UV-Vis spectroscopy, activity evaluated in T98G glioblastoma SVG p12 normal glial cells viability assays. The newly [VO(3-tBuHSHED)(TIPCAT)] complex more stable (t1/2 ~ 4.5 h) had strong (IC50 1.5 µM), comparing favorably current lead compound, [VO(HSHED)(DTB)]. structural modifications enhanced bulk through substitution iso-propyl tert-butyl groups. improved properties attributed hindrance associated catecholato well formation non-toxic byproducts upon degradation. emerges candidate therapy by demonstrating stability greater selectivity, which highlights role strategic ligand design developing therapies resistant cancers. In reporting class compounds effective against cells, we describe generally desirable that drugs being developed should have.

Language: Английский

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Recent Treatment Strategies and Molecular Pathways in Resistance Mechanisms of Antiangiogenic Therapies in Glioblastoma

Cancers, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(17), P. 2975 - 2975

Published: Aug. 27, 2024

Malignant gliomas present great difficulties in treatment, with little change over the past 30 years median survival time of 15 months. Current treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy. New therapies aimed at suppressing formation new vasculature (antiangiogenic treatments) or destroying formed tumor (vascular disrupting agents) show promise. This study summarizes existing knowledge regarding processes by which glioblastoma (GBM) tumors acquire resistance to antiangiogenic treatments. The discussion encompasses activation redundant proangiogenic pathways, heightened cell invasion metastasis, induced hypoxia, creation vascular mimicry channels, regulation immune microenvironment. Subsequently, we explore potential strategies overcome this resistance, such as combining other methods, personalizing treatments for each patient, focusing on therapeutic targets, incorporating immunotherapy, utilizing drug delivery systems based nanoparticles. Additionally, would like discuss limitations methods future directions enhance beneficial effects patients GBM. Therefore, review aims research outcome GBM provide a more promising opportunity thoroughly exploring mechanisms investigating novel strategies.

Language: Английский

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Carbon-based nanomaterials: interactions with cells, brain therapies, and neural sensing

Deleted Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: Feb. 21, 2025

Abstract Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are characterized by their extensive surface area and extraordinary electronic, thermal, chemical properties, offering an innovative potential for biomedical applications. The physicochemical properties of CNMs can be fine-tuned through functionalization to design the bio-nano interface, allowing controlled biocompatibility or specific bioactivity. This versatility offers a transformative approach addressing inherent limitations conventional brain therapies, which frequently demonstrate low efficacy significant adverse effects. review delves into recent advances in understanding intricate interactions between carbon nanostructures cellular systems, highlighting activity therapy neuronal sensing. We provide comprehensive analysis key nanostructures, including few-layer graphene (FLG), oxide (GO), quantum dots (GQD), single- multi-walled nanotubes (SWCNT MWCNT), nanohorns (CNH), nanodiamonds (CNDs), fullerenes (C 60 ). Their unique atomic configurations modifications examined, revealing underlying mechanisms that drive highlights how deep cells catalyze neurotherapeutic solutions. By leveraging address critical challenges such as crossing blood–brain barrier, improving therapeutic accuracy, minimizing side These have significantly improve treatment outcomes disorders, paving way new era targeted effective neurological interventions.

Language: Английский

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The landscape of circRNAs in gliomas temozolomide resistance: Insights into molecular pathways

Non-coding RNA Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(4), P. 1178 - 1189

Published: May 21, 2024

As the deadliest type of primary brain tumor, gliomas represent a significant worldwide health concern. Circular RNA (circRNA), unique non-coding molecule, seems to be one most alluring target molecules involved in pathophysiology many kinds cancers. CircRNAs have been identified as prospective targets and biomarkers for diagnosis treatment numerous disorders, particularly malignancies. Recent research has established clinical link between temozolomide (TMZ) resistance certain circRNA dysregulations glioma tumors. may play therapeutic role controlling or overcoming TMZ provide guidance novel kind individualized therapy. To address biological characteristics circRNAs their potential induce TMZ, this review highlighted summarized possible roles that molecular pathways drug resistance, including Ras/Raf/ERK PI3K/Akt signaling pathway metabolic processes gliomas.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the Significance of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review

Cancers, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 2089 - 2089

Published: May 30, 2024

Background: The study aims to investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in development, progression, and therapeutic potential glioblastomas. Methodology: study, following PRISMA guidelines, systematically examined hypoxia HIFs glioblastoma using MEDLINE (PubMed), Web Science, Scopus. A total 104 relevant studies underwent data extraction. Results: Among studies, global contributions were diverse, with China leading at 23.1%. most productive year was 2019, accounting for 11.5%. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) frequently studied, followed by 2 (HIF2α), osteopontin, cavolin-1. Commonly associated pathways include glucose transporter (GLUT1) 3 (GLUT3) receptors, vascular endothelial growth (VEGF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mechanistic target rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS). HIF expression correlates various hallmarks, including survival, neovascularization, metabolism, migration, invasion. Conclusion: Overcoming challenges such as treatment resistance absence biomarkers is critical effective integration HIF-related therapies into aim optimizing patient outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Nanosystems at Nexus: Navigating Nose-to-Brain Delivery for Glioblastoma Treatment

Molecular Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 2, 2025

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is considered to be one of the most devastating brain tumors with a shorter life expectancy. Several factors contribute dismal prognosis GBM patients including complicated nature GBM, ability tumor cells resist treatment, and difficulty delivering drugs because barriers like blood-brain barrier (BBB) blood-tumor (BTB). The unique challenges posed by BBB in therapeutic agents have led development innovative nanotechnology-based approaches. By exploiting olfactory/trigeminal pathway, nanosystems offer promising strategy for targeted drug delivery brain, glioblastoma particular. This review contemplates varied nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanosystems, situ gel formulations, peptide, stem cell-based nanoformulations, signifying their utility targeting minimal systemic side effects. Emerging trends gene therapy immunotherapy context treatment also been discussed. Since safety paramount aspect any product get approved, this delves into toxicological considerations associated intranasal nanosystems. Regulatory aspects critical successful products are explored review. Overall, underscores significant advancements nanotechnology nose-to-brain its potential impact on management.

Language: Английский

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Agathisflavone Inhibits Viability and Modulates the Expression of miR-125b, miR-155, IL-6, and Arginase in Glioblastoma Cells and Microglia/Macrophage Activation

Molecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(1), P. 158 - 158

Published: Jan. 3, 2025

Glioblastomas (GBM) are malignant tumours with poor prognosis. Treatment involves chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy; however, there is currently no standard treatment for recurrence, and prognosis remains unfavourable. Inflammatory mediators microRNAs (miRNAs) influence the aggressiveness of GBM, being involved in communication cells tumour parenchyma, including microglia/macrophages, maintaining an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Hence, modulation miRNAs inflammatory factors may improve GBM treatments. In this study, we investigated effects agathisflavone, a biflavonoid purified from Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.), on growth migration cells, expression cytokines microRNAs, as well response microglia. Agathisflavone (5–30 μM) induced dose- time-dependent reduction viability both human GL-15 rat C6 determined by MTT test, reduced cell migration, scratch assay. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that agathisflavone (5 down-regulated miR-125b miR-155 secretome derived which was associated upregulation mRNA IL-6 arginase-1 immunoregulatory factors. Exposure microglia/macrophage to GMB modulated proliferation morphology, were treatment. These results demonstrate effect flavonoids impacts microenvironment can be considered preclinical studies adjuvant

Language: Английский

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Mitochondrial DNA copy number alterations: Key players in the complexity of glioblastoma (Review)

Molecular Medicine Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 31(3)

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

Renowned as a highly invasive and lethal tumor derived from neural stem cells in the central nervous system, glioblastoma (GBM) exhibits substantial histopathological variation genomic complexity, which drive its rapid progression therapeutic resistance. Alterations mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (CN) serve crucial role GBM development progression, affecting various aspects of biology, including energy production, oxidative stress regulation cellular adaptability. Fluctuations mtDNA levels, whether elevated or diminished, can impair function, potentially disrupting phosphorylation amplifying reactive oxygen species generation, thereby fueling growth influencing treatment responses. Understanding mechanisms mtDNA‑CN variations, their interplay with genetic environmental elements microenvironment, is essential for advancing diagnostic strategies. Targeting alterations could strengthen efficacy, mitigate resistance ultimately enhance prognosis patients this aggressive brain tumor. The present review summarizes existing literature on alterations, specifically emphasizing variations association by surveying articles published between 1996 2024, sourced databases such Scopus, PubMed Google Scholar. In addition, provides brief overview genome architecture, knowledge regarding integrity CN, how mitochondria significantly impact tumorigenesis. This further presents information approaches restoring that contribute to optimized function improved health outcomes.

Language: Английский

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