Associations Between Diabetes Mellitus and Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(2), P. 542 - 542

Published: Jan. 10, 2025

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and neurodegenerative diseases/disturbances are worldwide health problems. The most common chronic conditions diagnosed in persons 60 years older type 2 diabetes (T2DM) cognitive impairment. It was found that is a major risk for decline, dementia, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) other disorders. Different mechanisms of associations between these diseases have been suggested. For example, it postulated an impaired intracellular insulin signaling pathway, together with hyperglycemia hyperinsulinemia, may cause pathological changes, such as dysfunction the mitochondria, oxidative stress inflammatory responses, etc. association diseases, well associations, needs further investigation. aim this review to describe mellitus, especially 1 (T1DM) selected i.e., disease, sclerosis. Suggested also described.

Language: Английский

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Advances in Insulin Resistance—Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, and Future Directions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(6), P. 2574 - 2574

Published: March 13, 2025

The development of insulin resistance (IR) is characterized by a series metabolic disturbances, including, but not limited to, impaired glucose uptake, increased blood sugar levels, and disrupted lipid metabolism [...]

Language: Английский

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Chemokine CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) Signaling and Diabetic Encephalopathy

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(14), P. 7527 - 7527

Published: July 9, 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disease in humans, and its prevalence increasing worldwide parallel with obesity pandemic. A lack of insulin or resistance, consequently hyperglycemia, leads to many systemic disorders, among which diabetic encephalopathy (DE) a long-term complication central nervous system (CNS), characterized by cognitive impairment motor dysfunctions. The role oxidative stress neuroinflammation pathomechanism DE has been proven. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) unique properties as an adhesion molecule chemoattractant, acting on only receptor, CX3CR1, it regulates activity microglia physiological states neuroinflammation. Depending clinical context, CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signaling may have neuroprotective effects inhibiting inflammatory process or, conversely, maintaining/intensifying inflammation neurotoxicity. This review discusses evidence supporting that pair other neurotoxic. Therefore, interrupting vicious cycle within neuron–microglia interactions promoting neurotoxic axis be therapeutic goal limiting response. However, optimal approach prevent simply tight glycemic control, because elimination dysglycemic CNS abolishes fundamental mechanisms induce this cycle.

Language: Английский

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Physico-Chemical Characterization and Initial Evaluation of Carboxymethyl Chitosan–Hyaluronan Hydrocolloid Systems with Insulin Intended for Intranasal Administration

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(19), P. 10452 - 10452

Published: Sept. 27, 2024

The nasal route of administration can bypass the blood-brain barrier in order to obtain a higher concentration brain, thus offering feasible alternative for diseases associated with central nervous system. advantages intranasal and potential favorable therapeutic effects intranasally administered insulin led formulation carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) hydrocolloidal systems administration, targeting nose-to-brain delivery initial assessment these systems. influence variables on response parameters defined as surface properties, rheology, vitro release were analyzed using experimental design statistical programs (Modde Minitab software). recorded good wetting adhesion capacity, allowing spread mucosa. samples had pseudoplastic flow rapid was according our objective. According physico-chemical characterization preliminary assessment, formulations are appropriate mucosa, but further studies necessary demonstrate beneficial actions safety insulin.

Language: Английский

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Increased dementia risk in patients with Parkinson’s disease attributed to metabolic syndrome

Neurological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 29, 2024

Language: Английский

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