The Impact of Vitamin D in the Prevention of Influenza, COVID-19, and Dengue: A Review

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 927 - 927

Published: April 9, 2025

Since its discovery, vitamin D (VD) has been known for implications in maintaining bone homeostasis. However, recent years it discovered that the receptor is expressed on different cells of immune system and these can locally produce active form this molecule, calcitriol, strongly suggesting might play a key role both branches system, innate adaptive. Recent evidence demonstrated VD participates protective phases against invading microorganisms, including activation production antimicrobial peptides, inactivation replication infectious agents, prevention exposure cellular receptors to microbial adhesion, and, more importantly, modulation inflammatory response. In years, world witnessed major outbreaks an ancient disease, dengue fever; emergence pandemic caused by unknown virus, SARS-CoV-2; resurgence common respiratory infection, influenza. Despite belonging viral families, etiological agents infections present trait: their capacity cause complications not only through cytopathic effect target tissues but also excessive response produced human host infection. This review outlines current understanding plays aforementioned diseases development participation as modulator

Language: Английский

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Juvenile Dermatomyositis Triggered by Influenza B: A Case Report on Viral‐Induced Autoimmunity

Pediatric Dermatology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 6, 2025

ABSTRACT A previously healthy 13‐year‐old boy developed juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) shortly after a confirmed influenza B infection, presenting with progressive proximal muscle weakness and classic cutaneous findings. Laboratory tests revealed elevated enzymes myositis‐specific autoantibodies, supporting the diagnosis. The temporal association suggests potential post‐viral autoimmune trigger, highlighting as possible environmental factor in JDM pathogenesis. This case reinforces need for heightened clinical awareness further research into virus‐associated mechanisms pediatric myopathies.

Language: Английский

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Influence of Donor-Specific Characteristics on Cytokine Responses in H3N2 Influenza A Virus Infection: New Insights from an Ex Vivo Model

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(20), P. 10941 - 10941

Published: Oct. 11, 2024

Influenza A virus (IAV) is known for causing seasonal epidemics ranging from flu to more severe outcomes like pneumonia, cytokine storms, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The innate immune response inflammasome activation play pivotal roles in sensing, preventing, clearing the infection, as well potential exacerbation of disease progression. This study examines complex relationships between donor-specific characteristics responses during H3N2 IAV infection using an ex vivo model. At 24 h post 31 human lung explant tissue samples, key cytokines such interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were upregulated. Interestingly, a history cancer did not impact response. However, cigarette smoking programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on macrophages significantly increased IL-2 levels. Conversely, age inversely affected IL-4 levels, diabetes mellitus negatively influenced IL-6 Additionally, both cell death protein (PD-1) CD3+/CD4+ T cells impacted TNF-α while body mass index was associated with IFN-γ production. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) emerged crucial mediating adaptive responses. These findings highlight intricate interplay individual physiological traits influenza underscoring importance tailored personalized approaches treatment prevention.

Language: Английский

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Functional Involvement of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription in the Pathogenesis of Influenza A Virus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(24), P. 13589 - 13589

Published: Dec. 19, 2024

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) function both as signal regulators. STAT proteins are involved in the signaling pathways cytokines growth factors; thus, they participate various life activities play especially critical roles antiviral immunity. Convincing evidence suggests that STATs can establish innate immune status through multiple mechanisms, efficiently eliminating pathogens. STAT1 STAT2 activate by regulating interferon (IFN) signal. In turn, suppressor cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) SOCS3 modulate activation suppress excessive response. STAT3 not only regulates IFN signal, but also transduces Interleukin-6 (IL-6) to stimulate host The STAT4 STAT5 is related CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, specific mechanism remains be studied. STAT6 mainly exerts effects mediating IL-4 IL-13 signaling. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding interactions between viral infection, influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We discuss molecular mechanisms underlying their functions responses.

Language: Английский

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