Pharmaceuticals,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(1), P. 104 - 104
Published: Jan. 15, 2025
Cytokine-mediated
inflammation
is
increasingly
recognized
for
playing
a
vital
role
in
the
pathophysiology
of
wide
range
brain
disorders,
including
neurodegenerative,
psychiatric,
and
neurodevelopmental
problems.
Pro-inflammatory
cytokines
such
as
interleukin-1
(IL-1),
tumor
necrosis
factor-alpha
(TNF-α),
interleukin-6
(IL-6)
cause
neuroinflammation,
alter
function,
accelerate
disease
development.
Despite
progress
understanding
these
pathways,
effective
medicines
targeting
are
still
limited.
Traditional
anti-inflammatory
immunomodulatory
drugs
peripheral
inflammatory
illnesses.
Still,
they
face
substantial
hurdles
when
applied
to
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
unwanted
systemic
effects.
This
review
highlights
developing
treatment
techniques
modifying
cytokine-driven
focusing
on
advances
that
selectively
target
critical
involved
pathology.
Novel
approaches,
cytokine-specific
inhibitors,
antibody-based
therapeutics,
gene-
RNA-based
interventions,
sophisticated
drug
delivery
systems
like
nanoparticles,
show
promise
with
respect
lowering
neuroinflammation
greater
specificity
safety.
Furthermore,
developments
biomarker
discoveries
neuroimaging
improving
our
ability
monitor
responses,
allowing
more
accurate
personalized
regimens.
Preclinical
clinical
trial
data
demonstrate
therapeutic
potential
tailored
techniques.
However,
significant
challenges
remain,
across
BBB
reducing
off-target
As
research
advances,
creation
personalized,
cytokine-centered
therapeutics
has
therapy
landscape
illnesses,
giving
patients
hope
better
results
higher
quality
life.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(18), P. 10068 - 10068
Published: Sept. 19, 2024
The
emerging
role
of
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
diseases
is
gaining
significant
interest,
particularly
their
applications
as
diagnostic
biomarkers
and
therapeutic
agents.
EVs
are
involved
intercellular
communication
secreted
by
all
cell
types.
They
contain
specific
markers
a
diverse
cargo
such
proteins,
lipids,
nucleic
acids,
reflecting
the
physiological
pathological
state
originating
cells.
Their
reduced
immunogenicity
ability
to
cross
blood-brain
barrier
make
them
promising
candidates
for
both
In
context
CNS
diseases,
have
shown
promise
isolable
from
different
body
fluids,
providing
non-invasive
method
diagnosing
monitoring
disease
progression.
This
makes
useful
early
detection
Alzheimer's,
Parkinson's,
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis,
where
alterations
content
can
be
detected.
Additionally,
derived
stem
cells
show
potential
promoting
tissue
regeneration
repairing
damaged
tissues.
An
evaluation
has
been
conducted
on
current
clinical
trials
studying
focusing
application,
treatment
protocols,
obtained
results.
review
aims
explore
carriers
highlighting
advantages
ongoing
evaluating
efficacy.
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(2), P. 231 - 231
Published: Feb. 5, 2025
Obesity,
a
global
epidemic,
is
major
risk
factor
for
chronic
diseases
such
as
type
2
diabetes,
cardiovascular
disorders,
and
metabolic
syndrome.
Adipose
tissue,
once
viewed
passive
fat
storage
site,
now
recognized
an
active
endocrine
organ
involved
in
regulation
inflammation.
In
obesity,
adipose
tissue
dysfunction
disrupts
balance,
leading
to
insulin
resistance
increased
production
of
adipose-derived
extracellular
vesicles
(AdEVs).
These
play
key
role
intercellular
communication
contribute
dysregulation,
affecting
organs
the
heart,
liver,
brain.
AdEVs
carry
bioactive
molecules,
including
microRNAs,
which
influence
inflammation,
sensitivity,
remodeling.
system,
can
promote
atherosclerosis
vascular
dysfunction,
while
those
derived
from
brown
offer
cardioprotective
effects.
exacerbate
complications
diabetic
cardiomyopathy
cognitive
decline.
Additionally,
are
implicated
liver
diseases,
fatty
disease,
by
transferring
inflammatory
molecules
lipotoxic
microRNAs
hepatocytes.
findings
highlight
obesity-related
disorders
their
promise
therapeutic
targets
related
diseases.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
14(1), P. 56 - 56
Published: Jan. 6, 2025
In
neurons,
the
acquisition
of
a
polarized
morphology
is
achieved
upon
outgrowth
single
axon
from
one
several
neurites.
Small
extracellular
vesicles
(sEVs),
such
as
exosomes,
diverse
sources
are
known
to
promote
neurite
and
thus
may
have
therapeutic
potential.
However,
effect
fibroblast-derived
exosomes
on
elongation
in
neurons
central
nervous
system
under
growth-permissive
conditions
remains
unclear.
Here,
we
show
that
sEVs
neuronal
mouse
primary
embryonic
cortical
neurons.
Mechanistically,
demonstrate
sEV-induced
increase
requires
endogenous
Wnts
core
PCP
components
including
Prickle,
Vangl,
Frizzled,
Dishevelled.
We
internalized
by
colocalize
with
Wnt7b,
induce
relocalization
Vangl2
distal
during
outgrowth.
contrast,
derived
or
astrocytes
do
not
outgrowth,
while
activated
inhibit
elongation.
Thus,
our
data
reveal
through
Wnt-PCP
pathway
manner
dependent
Wnts.
European Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
61(5)
Published: March 1, 2025
ABSTRACT
Brain
information
processing
complexity
is
conventionally
recognized
as
derived
from
neuronal
activity,
with
neurons
and
their
dynamic
signalling
responsible
for
the
transfer
of
information.
However,
brain
also
contains
other
non‐neuronal
cells,
glial
which
exceed
number
are
involved
in
processes
related
coding
by
neural
networks
underlying
functions.
Decisive
advances
characterization
molecular
physiological
properties
cells
shed
light
on
active
roles
neurotransmission
physiopathology.
This
expanded
relationship
between
glia
challenges
traditional
neurobiology
highlighting
reciprocal
influence,
where
it
difficult
to
determine
whether
or
initiate
drive
interactions.
interplay
creates
a
dilemma,
causal
hierarchy
these
two
cell
types
remains
unresolved.
A
philosophical
tool,
‘Theory
Complexity’
Edgard
Morin
can
help
better
explain
study
neuron–glia
Morin's
proposal
useful
transform
knowledge,
order
review
functions
antireductionist
pattern.
In
this
manuscript,
we
will
discuss
how
use
‘retroactive
loop’
principle
at
level,
proposing
new
philosophical‐experimental
grid
that
neuroscientists
understanding
glia–neuron
interactions
brain.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
26(8), P. 3512 - 3512
Published: April 9, 2025
Traumatic
brain
injury
(TBI)
pathology
is
significantly
mediated
by
an
inflammatory
response
involving
inflammasome
activation,
resulting
in
the
release
of
interleukin
(IL)-1β
and
pyroptotic
cell
death
through
gasdermin-D
(GSDMD)
cleavage.
Inflammasome
components
are
transported
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
to
mediate
systemic
inflammation
peripheral
organs,
including
gut.
The
purpose
this
study
was
determine
protective
effect
GSDMD
knockout
(KO)
on
TBI-induced
EV
signaling,
gut
function.
GSDMD-KO
C57BL6
(WT)
mice
were
subjected
controlled
cortical
impact
model
TBI.
Cytokine
expression
assessed
with
electrochemiluminescent
immunoassay
immunoblotting
cerebral
cortex
EVs
examined
for
pathology-associated
markers
using
flow
cytometry,
permeability
determined.
attenuated
IL-1β
IL-6
reduced
IL-18
3
days
post-injury.
had
decreased
neuronal-
gut-derived
compared
WT
post-TBI.
also
different
surface
marker
after
These
data
demonstrate
that
ablation
improves
post-TBI
pathology,
suggesting
may
serve
as
a
potential
therapeutic
target
improvement
TBI-associated
pathologies.
Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
5
Published: May 6, 2025
Neurodegenerative
diseases
represent
a
significant
and
growing
challenge
to
public
health
worldwide.
Current
therapeutic
strategies
often
fall
short
in
halting
or
reversing
disease
progression,
highlighting
the
urgent
need
for
novel
approaches.
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
have
garnered
attention
as
potential
agents
due
their
role
intercellular
communication
ability
transport
bioactive
cargo,
including
proteins,
nucleic
acids,
lipids.
This
review
provides
comprehensive
overview
of
biology
EVs,
involvement
neurodegenerative
diseases,
EV-based
therapies.
We
discuss
different
types
biogenesis,
cargo
composition,
emphasizing
relevance
neurological
processes
such
protein
misfolding,
neuroinflammation,
oxidative
stress.
Preclinical
studies
investigating
EVs
carriers
promote
neuronal
survival
regeneration
are
examined,
with
focus
on
evidence
from
animal
models
disorders.
explore
use
treatment
ongoing
clinical
trials,
methods
EV
isolation
modification,
future
perspectives
personalized
therapies
designed
meet
unique
needs
individual
patients.
Overall,
this
highlights
promising
avenue
therapy,
while
also
addressing
key
research
gaps
translational
hurdles
that
be
overcome
successful
implementation.
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 80 - 92
Published: May 7, 2025
Parkinson’s
Disease
(PD),
a
neurodegenerative
disorder
characterized
by
the
progressive
loss
of
dopaminergic
neurons,
is
closely
associated
with
neuroinflammation
mediated
exosomes.
This
review
discusses
role
exosomes
in
modulation
neuroinflammatory
processes
PD.
Small
Extracellular
Vesicles
(EVs)
are
that
communicate
between
cells
transporting
proteins,
lipids,
and
RNAs
affect
neuronal
health.
We
investigated
how
propagate
misfolded
α-synuclein
proinflammatory
mediators,
leading
to
microglial
activation
neurodegeneration.
The
key
questions
addressed
include
following:
(1)
How
do
promote
spread
pathology?
(2)
What
molecular
pathways
drive
exosome-mediated
PD?
(3)
Can
serve
as
diagnostic
biomarkers
or
therapeutic
vehicles?
By
analyzing
these
mechanisms,
this
underscores
dual
exacerbating
disease
progression
their
potential
for
innovative
treatments.
finding
highlights
challenges
current
methodologies
future
prospects
exosome-targeted
therapy
