Overcoming Challenges in Small-Molecule Drug Bioavailability: A Review of Key Factors and Approaches
Ke Wu,
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Soon Hwan Kwon,
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Xuhan Zhou
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et al.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(23), P. 13121 - 13121
Published: Dec. 6, 2024
The
bioavailability
of
small-molecule
drugs
remains
a
critical
challenge
in
pharmaceutical
development,
significantly
impacting
therapeutic
efficacy
and
commercial
viability.
This
review
synthesizes
recent
advances
understanding
overcoming
limitations,
focusing
on
key
physicochemical
biological
factors
influencing
drug
absorption
distribution.
We
examine
cutting-edge
strategies
for
enhancing
bioavailability,
including
innovative
formulation
approaches,
rational
structural
modifications,
the
application
artificial
intelligence
design.
integration
nanotechnology,
3D
printing,
stimuli-responsive
delivery
systems
are
highlighted
as
promising
avenues
improving
delivery.
discuss
importance
holistic,
multidisciplinary
approach
to
optimization,
emphasizing
early-stage
consideration
ADME
properties
need
patient-centric
also
explores
emerging
technologies
such
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated
personalization
microbiome
modulation
tailored
enhancement.
Finally,
we
outline
future
research
directions,
advanced
predictive
modeling,
barriers,
addressing
challenges
modalities.
By
elucidating
complex
interplay
affecting
this
aims
guide
efforts
developing
more
effective
accessible
therapeutics.
Language: Английский
Development and Characterization of Zein/Eudragit Composite Nanoparticles for Insulin Intranasal Delivery
ACS Omega,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
10(21), P. 21236 - 21249
Published: May 21, 2025
Diabetes
mellitus
(DM)
is
a
chronic
metabolic
disorder
characterized
by
elevated
blood
glucose
levels,
primarily
due
to
impaired
insulin
secretion
or
action.
The
standard
treatment
for
Type
1
Mellitus
still
involves
daily
parenteral
administration,
which
presents
several
challenges
including
patient
discomfort,
reduced
adherence,
and
the
potential
peripheral
hyperinsulinemia.
Intranasal
administration
has
emerged
as
promising
alternative
nasal
cavity's
high
vascularization,
ease
of
access,
significant
absorption
capacity,
though
certain
physiological
barriers
remain.
This
study
aimed
develop
characterize
Zein-Eudragit
nanoparticles
(NPS)
carriers
(ZEU/INS
NPS)
intended
intranasal
administration.
NPS
were
prepared
using
liquid-liquid
dispersion
method,
production
process
was
optimized
through
24
factorial
design.
resulting
evaluated
in
terms
physicochemical
properties,
particle
size,
polydispersity
index
(PDI),
zeta
potential,
Fourier-transform
infrared
spectroscopy
(FTIR),
differential
scanning
calorimetry
(DSC),
thermogravimetric
analysis
(TG),
morphology.
Additionally,
physical
stability
during
storage,
vitro
release,
mucoadhesion
assessed.
nanoparticle
formulation
exhibited
mean
size
below
200
nm,
PDI
less
than
0.3,
approximately
+30
mV,
an
encapsulation
efficiency
42%.
FTIR
confirmed
interaction
between
components
following
encapsulation,
DSC/TG
demonstrated
thermal
system.
stored
under
refrigerated
conditions
maintained
their
up
60
days.
In
release
studies
revealed
that
about
60%
encapsulated
released
over
h
period.
assay
further
supported
these
enhance
residence
time
cavity.
Overall,
ZEU/INS
successfully
favorable
characteristics
delivery
insulin.
These
findings
suggest
offer
promise
effective
noninvasive
system
Language: Английский
Special Issue “The Tight Junction and Its Proteins: From Structure to Pathologies”
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(23), P. 13154 - 13154
Published: Dec. 7, 2024
Most
tight
junction
(TJ)
proteins
build
epithelial
and
endothelial
barriers
[...].
Language: Английский