Editorial: Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: immunopathogenesis and immunological risk factors

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: March 21, 2025

Mycobacteria are comprised of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, leprae, and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). While NTM contain approximately 200 distinct species subspecies, diseases in humans predominantly caused by three main groups: (i) avium complex (which is several members, with the most clinically relevant being M. subsp hominissuis, intracellulare intracellulare, chimaera);(ii) abscessus group consists subspecies: abscessus, massiliense, bolletii); (iii) kansasii complex. ubiquitous natural built environs, especially freshwater, soil, biofilms, making infections environmentally-acquired.Upon encountering a patient an infection, four elements should be determined: specific responsible, how infection was contracted, location extent presence any host risk factors. The last two interrelated because degree underlying factors often dictates scope infection. Thus, it useful to categorize into one types: skin, soft tissue, osteoarticular infections, which typically due accidental trauma or medical procedures; (ii) isolated head neck lymph nodes (also known as cervical lymphadenitis "scrofula"); lung disease; (iv) Hicks colleagues (https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1078976) reported infants complete DiGeorge anomaly (cDGA) -a genetic condition resulting absence thymus severe T cell deficiency -all disseminated infections. These cases rare, likely highly infrequent intersection uncommon conditions (DGA infection). authors recommend that DGA considered differential diagnoses children Currently, mutations genes encode for interferon-gamma (IFNg)-interleukin-12 (IL-12) axis suspected very young disease. In adults acquired immune disorders like AIDS, anti-IFNg antibody syndrome, use immunosuppressive drugs more factors.disseminatedVarious mouse strains have been used explore susceptibility However, murine models result systemic rather than exhibit disease, latter characterized bronchiolitis bronchiectasis humans. Yang (https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277745) developed model using intratracheal embedded agar beads, better simulates airway infected mice granulomas, common feature Others also employed fibrin plug where suspended thrombin fibrinogen, trapping bacteria airways plugs coagulate (1). Models such these intuitively closely replicate Future studies could investigate whether inoculation methods enhance biofilm formation airways, barrier resist penetration cells antibiotics.The co-evolution has enabled reciprocal adaptation mutual struggle dominance. A recurring example same mycobacterial components can either side gain advantage, analogous "tug o' war" event. Wang (https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413947) reviewed role CD36, surface scavenger receptor hijacked their own advantage. Although focus on tuberculosis, similar mechanisms may involved pathogenesis They discussed engages CD36 leading to: increased fatty acid uptake cells, aiding bacillary persistence; monocyte differentiation macrophages phenotype; enhanced surfactant lipids macrophages, supporting growth. Additionally, they highlighted showing expression various types granuloma formation, including granulocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts. It previously demonstrated manipulates macrophage lipid metabolism, lipid-laden foamy create favorable environment growth (2). Recent elevated during (3). line this, inhibiting shown reduce avium. Choi et al (4) confirmed blocking leads decreased avium, aligns earlier research. findings highlight crucial pathology well potential therapeutic target.Bronchiectasis, chronic repeated cycles inflammation. Airway injury exacerbated NTM-generated matrix extracellular polymeric substances -comprised DNA, proteins, polysaccharides, -released from live dead microbes (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). cavity walls biofilms (10). This provides protection nutrients (11). Keefe (https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1508584) identified gene products transposon library along proteomic analysis. uncovered proteins related mycobacteria's ability detach establish new attach infect both epithelial macrophages. primary treatment disease involves antibiotics, clearance, targeted therapies conditions, e.g., anti-retroviral HIV modulators defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) replacement therapy those AAT deficiency. For host-directed include IFNg subjects defects IFNg-IL-12 axis, anti-B autoantibodies, checkpoint inhibitors individuals immunosuppression (12,13), though lattermost controversial (13,14). Adjunct directed specifically against blactamase b-lactam antibiotics (15), efflux pump (16), disrupters (8).Mediaas (https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1463224) found metformin, commonly treat diabetes mellitus, significantly reduced burden mice. One mechanism this salubrious effect enhancing kill control activating AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) pathway, increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen phagosome maturation acidification.In summary, five articles featured special issue our understanding increase knowledge since we all exposed yet occur relatively few individuals. interplay between virulence critical development Each papers contributes collective relationship. Ongoing research innovative strategies therapies, papers, essential improving outcomes patients

Language: Английский

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Alleviation of mycobacterial infection by impairing motility and biofilm formation via natural and synthetic molecules

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 41(4)

Published: March 28, 2025

Language: Английский

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Sanitary Waters: Is It Worth Looking for Mycobacteria?

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(10), P. 1953 - 1953

Published: Sept. 27, 2024

The freshwater environment is suitable for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) growth. Their high adaptability represents a considerable risk sanitary water systems, which are potential vector NTMs transmission. This study investigated the occurrence of NTMs, such as

Language: Английский

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Functional impact of a deletion in Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau celA1 gene

Tuberculosis, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 149, P. 102576 - 102576

Published: Nov. 12, 2024

Language: Английский

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The Complex and Challenging World of the Host–Pathogen Interaction

Molecular Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 122(5), P. 611 - 612

Published: Nov. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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