The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Ginkgolic Acids: Secondary Metabolites from Ginkgo biloba

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 31

Published: Jan. 29, 2025

Ginkgolic acids (GAs) are distinctive secondary metabolites of Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba) primarily found in its leaves and seeds, with the highest concentration located exotesta. GAs classified as long-chain phenolic compounds, exhibit structural similarities to lignoceric acid. Their diversity arises from variations length side chains their number double bonds, resulting six distinct forms within G. extracts (GBE). Of these, GA (C15:1) is most prevalent. As inhibitors SUMOylation, demonstrate significant antitumor activity, can exert antineoplastic effects through multiple pathways, which positions them potentially promising therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Additionally, notable anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral properties, highlighting multifaceted medicinal potential. Although pharmacological properties have been extensively investigated, associated risks liver kidney damage must not be overlooked. induce hepatic by promoting cellular apoptosis, oxidative stress, disruption various metabolic processes. Furthermore, a limited studies indicated that may nephrotoxicity, well adverse on skin nervous system. Due recognized toxicity, typically regulated 5[Formula: see text]ppm standardized leaf extract EGb 761. Currently, there no definitive evidence supporting mutagenic toxicity GAs. This review synthesizes recent advancements understanding toxicological GAs, along underlying mechanisms. It anticipated this will stimulate scholarly discourse elicit valuable insights.

Language: Английский

The role of microglia in Neuroinflammation associated with cardiopulmonary bypass

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18

Published: Dec. 17, 2024

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) are indispensable core techniques in cardiac surgery. Numerous studies have shown that cardiopulmonary associated with the occurrence of neuroinflammation, accompanied by activation microglia. Microglia, as macrophages central nervous system, play an irreplaceable role neuroinflammation. Current research on neuroinflammation induced microglia mainly focuses neurodegenerative diseases such Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's neuropathic pain, acquired brain injury, others. However, there is relatively limited under conditions arrest. The close relationship between bypass, arrest, surgery underscores importance identifying targets for intervening through This could greatly benefit patients during perioperative period, significantly improving patient prognosis. review article provides first comprehensive discussion signaling pathways triggered activation, impact microglia, well current status advancements animal models. It new insights methods treatment related to holding significant clinical surgeons, management strategies physicians, development neurologically medications.

Language: Английский