A comprehensive perspective on the interaction between gut microbiota and COVID-19 vaccines

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: July 11, 2023

The efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines varies between individuals and populations, the reasons for this are still not fully understood. Recent clinical studies animal models have indicated that gut microbiota may influence immunogenicity vaccine and, thus, its effectiveness. This suggests there is a bidirectional relationship vaccine, with varying components either enhancing or reducing vaccine's efficacy. To put an end to spread pandemic, necessity create powerful long-term immunity now more important than ever, understanding role in process essential. Conversely, also significant effect on microbiota, decreasing total number organisms variety species present. In Review, we analyze evidence suggesting interaction effectiveness, consider immunological mechanisms be responsible connection, explore possibility using microbiota-focused interventions improve vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Immune activation and immune-associated neurotoxicity in Long-COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 103 studies comprising 58 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 122, P. 75 - 94

Published: Aug. 9, 2024

Language: Английский

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Altered immune surveillance of B and T cells in patients with persistent residual lung abnormalities 12 months after severe COVID-19

Respiratory Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(1)

Published: Jan. 18, 2025

Post-COVID-19 respiratory sequelae often involve lung damage, which is called residual abnormalities, and potentially lead to chronic issues. The adaptive immune response, involving T-cells B-cells, plays a critical role in pathogen control, inflammation, tissue repair. However, the link between dysregulation development of abnormalities remains unclear. 109 patients discharged with after COVID-19 were followed for 12 months divided as full recovery (FRG, n = 88) persistent (PLAG, 21). Cell profiling analysis was done using flow cytometry at 24 h not antigen-specific vitro stimulation. Plasma or supernatant levels IFN-g, IL-4, IL-10, IgM, IgG assessed, 10 (5 FRG, 5 PLAG) randomly selected detailed cell phenotyping functional peripheral blood mononuclear cells cytometry. Compared FRG group, PLAG exhibited an increase unswitched (p 0.0159) decreased double-negative activated B-cells 0.0317), systemic IL-10 lower, displayed reduced frequency total impaired spontaneous IgM 0.0357) 0.0079) release culture. Regarding T-cells, showed reduction effector memory CD4 + TEMRA following Notably, group also higher frequencies central Th2 (GATA3+) response activation than 0.0079). Patients post-critical exhibit B-cell function, increased activation. These imbalances may contribute ongoing dysfunction warrant further investigation potential mechanism abnormalities. Larger studies are necessary confirm these findings.

Language: Английский

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Dissecting the COVID‐19 Immune Response: Unraveling the Pathways of Innate Sensing and Response to SARS‐CoV‐2 Structural Proteins

Journal of Molecular Recognition, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 38(2)

Published: Feb. 5, 2025

ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), the virus responsible for COVID‐19, interacts with host immune system through complex mechanisms that significantly influence disease outcomes, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. These interactions are crucial in determining disease's severity host's ability to clear virus. Given virus's substantial socioeconomic impact, high morbidity mortality rates, public health importance, understanding these is essential. This article examines diverse responses triggered by SARS‐CoV‐2's structural proteins, including spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), nucleocapsid (N) along nonstructural proteins (NSPs) open reading frames. play pivotal roles modulation, facilitating viral replication, evading detection, contributing severe inflammatory such as cytokine storms distress (ARDS). The employs strategies like suppressing type I interferon production disrupting key antiviral pathways, MAVS, OAS‐RNase‐L, PKR. study also explores pathways govern activation suppression of throughout COVID‐19. By analyzing sensing receptors initiated upon recognizing SARS‐CoV‐2 this review elucidates associated response Understanding offers valuable insights therapeutic interventions informs strategies, a deeper COVID‐19 immunopathogenesis.

Language: Английский

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Immune dysregulation in COVID-19 induced ARDS in kidney transplant recipients revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Feb. 26, 2025

Since the emergence of COVID-19 at end 2019, disease has led to widespread acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), particularly among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), who are increased risk due long-term immunosuppressive therapy. This study aims explore differences in immune responses between and non-kidney COVID-19-induced ARDS identify potential therapeutic targets for improving outcomes. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 108,320 cells derived from peripheral blood samples construct a global single-cell map induced recipients(ARDSKT), non recipients(ARDSNKT), healthy controls. Subsequently, using cellular clustering analysis, we obtained maps different cell types. We employed enrichment analysis determine pathways involved subpopulations focused role key such as monocytes, megakaryocytes, B cells, CD8+ T pathogenesis ARDS. Significant were observed ARDSKT ARDSNKT. In ARDSKT, S100A9+ MK subpopulation, which activates NF-κB signaling pathway, elevated, promoting inflammation. contrast, S100A12+ monocyte subpopulation that chemokine pathway more abundant ARDSNKT, reflecting stronger inflammatory response, while its abundance reduced immunosuppression. The CXCR4+ crucial adaptive immunity, significantly ARDSKT. Additionally, XAF1+ Teff associated with apoptosis, potentially impairing recovery. highlights revealing impact immunosuppression dysregulation. These findings suggest targeting specific can improve strategies

Language: Английский

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What is the in-host dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus? A challenge within a multiscale vision of living systems

Networks and Heterogeneous Media, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 19(2), P. 655 - 681

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

This paper deals with the modeling and simulation of in-host dynamics a virus. The approach was developed according to idea that mathematical models should go beyond deterministic single-scale population by taking into account multiscale, heterogeneous features complex system under consideration. Here, we considered competition between virus, epithelial cells it infects, immune evolving activation states induce range different effects on virus particles infected cells. subsequent numerical simulations showed types model outcomes: from elimination, persistence periodic relapse, uncontrolled growth triggers blow-up in fully activated response. also existence threshold response separates regimes higher re-infections lower (compared magnitude first viral infection).

Language: Английский

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The effect of COVID-19 on inflammatory response in bariatric patients: a pilot study

Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 16, 2024

Language: Английский

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T Cell Peptide Prediction, Immune Response, and Host–Pathogen Relationship in Vaccinated and Recovered from Mild COVID-19 Subjects

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(10), P. 1217 - 1217

Published: Sept. 26, 2024

COVID-19 remains a significant threat, particularly to vulnerable populations. The emergence of new variants necessitates the development treatments and vaccines that induce both humoral cellular immunity. This study aimed identify potentially immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 peptides explore intricate host–pathogen interactions involving peripheral immune responses, memory profiles, various demographic, clinical, lifestyle factors. Using in silico experimental methods, we identified several CD8-restricted are either poorly studied or have previously unreported immunogenicity: fifteen from Spike three each non-structural proteins Nsp1-2-3-16. A peptide, LA-9, demonstrated 57% response rate ELISpot assays using PBMCs 14 HLA-A*02:01 positive, vaccinated, mild-COVID-19 recovered subjects, indicating its potential for diagnostics, research, multi-epitope vaccine platforms. We also found younger individuals, with fewer doses longer intervals since infection, showed lower anti-Spike (ELISA) anti-Wuhan neutralizing antibodies (pseudovirus assay), higher naïve T cells, central memory, effector CD4hiCD8low cells (flow cytometry) compared older subjects. In our cohort, prevalence Vδ2-γδ DN CD8 seemed correlate strong anti-NP antibody responses associate Omicron absence confusional state, habitual sporting activity.

Language: Английский

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Deciphering long-term immune effects of HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: a longitudinal study

Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 214(1)

Published: Dec. 26, 2024

While the general immune response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is well-understood, long-term effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1/Severe (HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2) co-infection on system remain unclear. This study investigates in people with HIV-1 (PWH) co-infected SARS-CoV-2 understand its health consequences. A retrospective longitudinal PWH suppressed viral load and infection was conducted. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells plasma samples were collected at three time-points: HIV-1/pre-SARS-CoV-2 (n = 18), HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 46), HIV-1/post-SARS-CoV-2 36). Plasma levels 25 soluble cytokines chemokines, anti-S/anti-N-IgG-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies measured. Immunophenotyping innate adaptive components SARS-CoV-2-specific T/B-cell responses assessed by flow cytometry. associated long-lasting dysfunction, characterized elevated pro-inflammatory a decrease MIG-IP10-ITAC chemokine axis HIV/SARS-CoV-2 time-point, which persisted one year later. Additionally, alterations distribution subsets increased activation (NKG2D/NKG2C) maturation (TIM3) markers NK dendritic observed persisting throughout study. Effector memory CD4 T-cell decreased, while exhaustion/senescence (PD1/TIM3/CD57) all time-points. remained stable study, HIV-1-specific decreased time-point so. Persistent dysfunction increases risk future complications, even mild symptoms. Exacerbated inflammation may contribute reduce vaccine efficacy potential reinfections.

Language: Английский

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Clinical Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Mechanisms of the Cellular Immune Response and Immunogenetic Markers in Patients from Brazil

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(7), P. 1609 - 1609

Published: July 23, 2023

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate some mechanisms the immune response people infected with SARS-CoV-2 in both acute infection and early late convalescence phases. Methods: This a cohort 70 cases COVID-19, confirmed by RT-PCR, followed up 60 days. Plasma Samples clinical data were. Viral load, blood count, indicators inflammation were parameters evaluated. Cellular was evaluated flow cytometry Luminex immunoassays. Results: In severe group, hypertension only reported comorbidity. Non patients have activated memory naive CD4+ T cells. Critically ill central cell activation. Severe COVID-19 effector CD8+ Non-severe showed an increase IL1β, IL-6, IL-10 TNF severely had higher levels cytokines CXCL8. Conclusions: present work that different cellular responses are observed according severity from Brazil epicenter pandemic South America. Also, we notice can be used as predictive markers for disease outcome, possibility implementation strategies effective health managers.

Language: Английский

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