Advances in blood biomarkers for Alzheimer disease (AD): A review

The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 40(8), P. 692 - 698

Published: June 18, 2024

Abstract Alzheimer disease (AD) and Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD) are growing public health challenges globally affecting millions of older adults, necessitating concerted efforts to advance our understanding management these conditions. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by amyloid plaques tau neurofibrillary tangles that the primary cause dementia in individuals. Early accurate diagnosis crucial for effective intervention treatment but has proven challenging accomplish. Although testing brain pathology with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or positron emission tomography (PET) been available over 2 decades, most patients never underwent this because inaccessibility, high out‐of‐pocket costs, perceived risks, lack AD‐specific treatments. However, recent years, rapid progress made developing blood biomarkers AD/ADRD. Consequently, have emerged as promising tools non‐invasive cost‐effective diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring progression. This review presents evolving landscape AD/ADRD explores their potential applications clinical practice early detection, therapeutic interventions. It covers advances biomarkers, including beta (Aβ) peptides, protein, neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). also discusses diagnostic prognostic utility while addressing associated limitations. Future research directions rapidly field proposed.

Language: Английский

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Neuropsychological Assessment for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Dementia: Current Knowledge and New Insights

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(12), P. 3442 - 3442

Published: June 12, 2024

Dementia remains an underdiagnosed syndrome, and there is a need to improve the early detection of cognitive decline. This narrative review examines role neuropsychological assessment in characterization changes associated with dementia syndrome at different states. The first section describes indicators decline major barriers their identification. Further, optimal screening conditions most widely accepted tests are described. second analyzes main differences performance between Alzheimer’s disease other subtypes dementia. Finally, current challenges aging/dementia future approaches discussed. Essentially, we find that research beginning uncover precede dementia, while continuing refine differential diagnosis neurodegenerative disorders cause However, neuropsychology faces several barriers, including cultural diversity populations, limited implementation public health systems, adaptation technological advances. Nowadays, plays fundamental characterizing stages but more efforts needed develop harmonized procedures facilitate its use clinical contexts protocols.

Language: Английский

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CNEURO-201, an Anti-amyloidogenic Agent and σ1-Receptor Agonist, Improves Cognition in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease by Multiple Actions in the Pathology

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(3), P. 1301 - 1301

Published: Feb. 3, 2025

The complexity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology represents a significant challenge in the development effective therapeutic agents for its treatment. CNEURO-201 (CN, also Amylovis-201) is novel pharmaceutical agent with dual activity as an anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) and σ1 receptor agonist. CN exhibits great efficacy at very low doses, delaying cognitive impairment alleviating Aβ load animal models AD. However, functions on other remains related to this pathology remain be investigated. present study sought evaluate effects treatment dosage 0.1 mg kg−1 (p.o) over eight-week period 3xTg-AD mouse model. In silico studies, well biochemical immunofluorescence assays, were conducted brain tissue investigate acetylcholine metabolism, redox system, glial cell activation-related biomarkers regions that are relevant memory. results demonstrated effectively rescues mice by influencing reduce existing plaques but modulating metabolism enzymatic response proteins involved system. Our outcomes reinforced potential treating AD acting multiple pathways altered disease.

Language: Английский

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Discovering Hidden Links: Harnessing Similarity Network Fusion to Reveal Common Clusters in Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 4, 2025

Abstract Cognitively Unimpaired (CU), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are diagnostic categories used to categorize degrees of cognitive impairment. Older adults experience brain changes associated with aging decline at different ages progress varying rates, leading heterogeneous patterns decline. As a result, people within the same category often exhibit significant differences in abilities functions. The present study aimed investigate how data-driven map onto categories. Therefore, using data from 515 participants Neuroimaging Initiative database multivariate clustering approach, Similarity Network Fusion, we combined imaging features (cortical thickness average, surface area, volume) measures (Alzheimer’s Assessment Scale-Cognitive, Mini-Mental State Exam, Montreal Assessment, Clinical Dementia Rating) older who had clinical diagnosis CU, MCI, or AD. We identified four groups spanning gradient neural severity. Group 1 (87% diagnosed dementia) showed most impairment, while 4 (96% cognitively unimpaired) minimal Groups 2 3 captured transitional stages, including an “at-risk” group early current provides evidence that more nuanced, approaches can reveal commonalities individuals’ etiology underlying neurobiology across traditional diagnoses. These results may lead focal therapies better understanding is risk for converting dementia, allowing earlier detection treatment

Language: Английский

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In 2024, the amyloid-cascade-hypothesis still remains a working hypothesis, no less but certainly no more

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Sept. 4, 2024

The amyloid-cascade-hypothesis of the pathogenesis Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was introduced 32 years ago, in 1992. From early on, this clear and straight forward hypothesis received a lot attention, but also substantial criticism. Foremost, there have always been massive doubts that complex age-associated disorder most intricate organ human body, brain, can be explained by linear, one-dimensional cause-and-effect model. amyloid-cascade defines generation, aggregation, deposition amyloid beta peptide as central pathogenic mechanism AD, ultimate trigger disease, and, consequently, key pharmacological target. Certainly, original 1992 version has refined various means, ‘formulating fathers’ followed up with few reappraisals partly very open reflections 2002, 2006, 2009, 2016. However, until today, for supporters hypothesis, initial steps cascade are believed to driven beta—even if now displayed somewhat more elaborate. In light recently published clinical results achieved anti-amyloid antibodies, controversy field about (1) meaningfulness approach, (2) significance clearance peptide, last not least (3) relevance is gaining momentum. This review addresses interesting manifestation well its ups downs over decades.

Language: Английский

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Cognitive synaptopathy: synaptic and dendritic spine dysfunction in age-related cognitive disorders

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Oct. 3, 2024

Cognitive impairment is a leading component of several neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases, profoundly impacting on the individual, family, society at large. pathologies are driven by multiplicity factors, from genetic mutations risk neurotransmitter-associated dysfunction, abnormal connectomics level local neuronal circuits broader brain networks, to environmental influences able modulate some endogenous factors. Otherwise healthy older adults can be expected experience degree mild cognitive impairment, which fall into category subjective deficits in clinical practice, while many diseases course with more profound alterations cognition, particularly within spectrum dementias. Our knowledge underlying neuropathological mechanisms root this ample palette entities far complete. This review looks current synaptic modifications context function along ageing dysfunction disease, providing insight differential diagnostic elements wide range synapse alterations, those associated changes physiological senescence abnormalities occurring advanced stages dementia. I propose term "cognitive synaptopathy" encompass higher disorders.

Language: Английский

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Kallikrein-related peptidase's significance in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: A comprehensive survey

Biochimie, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 226, P. 77 - 90

Published: April 10, 2024

Language: Английский

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Public Health Policies and Programs for Alzheimer’s and Dementia: A Data-Driven Evaluation of Effectiveness and Areas for Improvement in the United States

International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(5), P. 64 - 80

Published: Aug. 30, 2024

This study critically evaluates the effectiveness of public health policies and programs targeting Alzheimer's dementia care in United States, with a specific emphasis on early detection, disparities access to care, variations service quality between urban rural healthcare facilities. The research utilizes representative sample sourced from national databases, including World Bank’s Quality Government (QoG) dataset, CDC’s Alzheimer’s Disease Healthy Aging Data Portal, Association. Logistic regression models were employed assess influence detection patient outcomes, while analyzed through that incorporated demographic geographic data National Institute CDC. also conducted extensive surveys patients providers across various settings evaluate quality. findings reveal are indispensable, their mere availability does not guarantee improved outcomes unless accompanied by high-quality implementation strategies. Significant identified, particularly along lines age race, minority groups younger populations experiencing more significant barriers. Additionally, revealed pronounced differences areas, facilities lagging satisfaction, staff qualifications, facility resources. recommends several targeted interventions: enhancing programs, underserved areas; addressing expanding Medicaid coverage increasing funding for community initiatives; investing infrastructure bridge gap improve overall support patients, marginalized communities.

Language: Английский

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Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915): The Father of Modern Dementia Research and the Discovery of Alzheimer’s Disease

Cureus, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 17, 2024

Alois Alzheimer was a German psychologist and neuropathologist who significantly advanced the study of dementia with his discovery Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on assessment 51-year-old female patient symptoms presenile after conducting postmortem autopsy her brain, distinguished two neurological substances - senile plaques neurofibrillary tangles as unique markers what later deemed AD. He recognized that is not natural consequence age but rather recognizable neurocognitive disorder. Despite long-lasting criticism findings, fundamentally altered landscape neuropathological studies by establishing AD clinically identifiable distinct could be targeted for treatment. Today, modern research continues to build foundation laid discovery.

Language: Английский

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New criteria to predict LATE-NC in the clinical setting: Probable/Possible LATE and LANS

Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 84(1), P. 2 - 7

Published: Oct. 23, 2024

Abstract This review discusses terminology recently proposed for the classification of dementia and, more specifically, nosology related to aging-associated TDP-43 pathology: limbic-predominant age-related encephalopathy (LATE), and amnestic neurodegenerative syndrome (LANS). While “gold standard” these clinical conditions is still LATE neuropathologic changes (LATE-NC), criteria biomarkers are evolving. The newly rubrics discussed with emphasis on need that acknowledges distinctions between syndrome-, molecular biomarker-, pathologically defined disease concepts. As further progress made research into specific biomarker-based detection prediction proteinopathy in setting, definitions “Probable” “Possible” likely become useful clinically. For people interested pathological diagnoses or basic LATE-NC, relevant remains unchanged by criteria.

Language: Английский

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