Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
2024(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Tin
oxide
(SnO
2
),
with
its
low
resistivity
properties
and
high
transparency
in
the
visible
spectrum,
makes
it
an
attractive
electron
transfer
layer
(ETL)
for
use
perovskite
solar
cells.
Here,
we
two
techniques,
coprecipitation
solvothermal,
to
synthesize
pure
4%
copper‐doped
SnO
.
The
X‐ray
diffraction
patterns
revealed
that
films
synthesized
using
both
methods
have
a
crystalline
structure
tetragonal
arrangement.
Furthermore,
lack
of
any
secondary
peaks
indicated
absence
mixed
tin
(Sn
O
4
)
or
copper
(CuO)
components.
Additionally,
demonstrated
adding
Cu
doping
concentration
reduced
crystal
size
methods.
optical
results
indicate
adequate
transmission
central
range
spectrum.
Calculations
were
performed
find
energy
gap
techniques
be
3.85
eV
4.17
eV,
respectively.
When
doped
Cu,
this
band
decreased
3.75
3.9
eV.
doping,
particle
decreases,
as
by
FESEM.
EDX
spectroscopy
images
nanoparticles
consisted
copper,
oxygen,
tin.
analysis
functional
groups
Fourier
transform
infrared
(FTIR)
spectra
roughness
AFM
showed
decrease
from
46.1
nm
12.3
samples
prepared
solvothermal
synthesis,
compared
those
technique
4.7
0.3
nm.
We
discovered
plays
essential
role
reducing
nanocrystalline
sizes.
In
addition,
is
more
impressive
than
synthesis
nanostructure.
Journal of Physics Condensed Matter,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
37(15), P. 151502 - 151502
Published: Feb. 24, 2025
Over
the
past
decade,
perovskite
solar
cells
(PSCs)
have
experienced
a
rapid
development.
The
remarkable
increase
in
photoelectric
conversion
efficiency
demonstrates
great
promise
of
halide
perovskites
field
photovoltaics.
Despite
excellent
photovoltaic
performance,
further
efforts
are
needed
to
enhance
and
stability.
Interfacial
engineering
plays
crucial
role
enhancing
stability
PSCs,
enabling
champion
sustain
power
above
26%
for
over
1000
h.
As
powerful
theoretical
tool
characterizing
interfaces
first-principles
calculations
contributed
understanding
interfacial
properties
guiding
materials
design.
In
this
Perspective,
we
highlight
recent
progress
theoretically
profiling
between
other
materials,
focusing
on
effects
energy
band
alignment
electronic
structure
carrier
transport
at
interfaces.
These
help
reveal
atomic
interfaces,
provide
important
guidance
experimental
research
device
optimization.
We
also
analyze
potential
strategies
separation
discuss
challenges
accurate
modeling
which
will
understand
fundamental
physics
PSCs
guide
their
Currently,
the
latest
photovoltaic
technology
based
on
perovskite
solar
cells
(PSCs)
has
attracted
much
attention
due
to
low
cost,
exciting
power
conversion
efficiency
of
over
26%,
large
scalability,
and
flexibility
PSCs.
During
development
course,
optimization
electron
transport
layer
(ETL)
plays
an
important
role
in
boosting
performance
PSCs,
where
use
modification
SnO2
with
high
chemical
stability,
low-temperature
processability,
suitable
energy
band
levels
substantially
are
shown
solve
problems
poor
charge
transport,
crystallization,
inferior
stability
at
PSC
interface.
Herein,
we
dedicate
ourselves
providing
a
comprehensive
review
advanced
ETL
for
realizing
efficient
The
fundamental
properties
its
key
as
PSCs
summarized
first.
Then,
typical
preparation
methods
introduced,
including
routes
physical
routes.
Sequentially,
state-of-the-art
strategies
optimizing
quality
discussed,
such
defect
regulation,
self-assembled
monolayer
modification,
double
construction.
Finally,
shed
some
light
existing
challenges
future
research
directions
large-scale
SnO2-based
Materials,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(10), P. 2339 - 2339
Published: May 14, 2024
Tin
oxide
(SnO2)
has
been
recognized
as
one
of
the
beneficial
components
in
electron
transport
layer
(ETL)
lead–halide
perovskite
solar
cells
(PSCs)
due
to
its
high
mobility.
The
SnO2-based
thin
film
serves
for
extraction
and
device,
induced
by
light
absorption
at
layer.
focus
this
paper
is
on
heat
treatment
a
nanoaggregate
single-nanometer-scale
SnO2
particles
combination
with
another
metal-dopant
precursor
develop
new
process
ETL
PSCs.
combined
solution
Li
chloride
titanium(IV)
isopropoxide
(TTIP)
was
deposited
onto
We
varied
conditions
spin-coated
films
comprising
double
layers,
i.e.,
an
Li/TTIP
nanoparticle
layer,
understand
effects
interconnection
via
sintering
mixing
ratio
Li-dopant
photovoltaic
performance.
X-ray
diffraction
(XRD)
high-resolution
transmission
microscopy
(HR-TEM)
measurements
sintered
nanoparticles
suggested
that
Li-doped
solid
small
amount
TiO2
formed
heating.
Interestingly,
bandgap
samples
estimated
be
3.45
eV,
indicating
narrower
compared
pure
SnO2.
This
observation
also
supported
formation
SnO2/TiO2
ETL.
utilization
such
nanoparticulate
could
offer
approach
alternative
conventional
layers
optimizing
performance
cells.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(25), P. 32282 - 32290
Published: June 12, 2024
In
the
planar
heterostructure
of
perovskite-based
solar
cells
(PSCs),
tin
oxide
(SnO2)
is
a
material
that
often
used
as
electron
transport
layer
(ETL).
SnO2
ETL
exhibits
favorable
optical
and
electrical
properties
in
PSC
structures.
Nevertheless,
open
circuit
voltage
(VOC)
depletion
occurs
PSCs
due
to
defects
arising
from
high
oxygen
vacancy
on
surface
deeper
conduction
band
(CB)
energy
level
SnO2.
this
research,
cerium
(Ce)
dopant
was
introduced
(Ce-SnO2)
suppress
VOC
loss
PSCs.
The
CB
minimum
shifted
closer
perovskite
after
Ce
doping.
Besides,
doping
effectively
passivated
well
improved
velocity
by
Ce-SnO2.
These
results
enabled
power
conversion
efficiency
(PCE)
increase
21.1%
23.0%
(0.09
cm2
active
area)
with
around
100
mV
reduced
hysteresis.
Also,
Ce-SnO2
ETL-based
large
area
(1.0
cm2)
delivered
highest
PCE
22.9%.
Furthermore,
1.19
V
23.3%
demonstrated
were
treated
2-phenethylamine
hydroiodide
top
surface.
Notably,
unencapsulated
able
maintain
above
90%
its
initial
for
2000
h
which
stored
under
room
temperature
condition
(23–25
°C)
relative
humidity
40–50%.
