FLT3 -mutated AML: Immune Evasion Through Exosome-Mediated Mechanisms and innovative combination therapies targeting Immune escape

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 143 - 150

Published: Jan. 31, 2025

Acute Myeloid Leukemia is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal myeloid cells. Besides several other genetic abnormalities developed in AML, FLT3 mutations are significant due to their worse prognostic impacts and therapeutic resistance. As result, these enable AML cells develop mechanisms for evading immune surveillance. This review discusses ways escape FLT3-mutated A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web Science databases, covering articles published between 2010 2024 with related keywords. The discussion covers cells' downregulation recognition markers, expression checkpoint proteins, establishment an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Specific attention given small extracellular vesicles participation escape. focus exosome-mediated pathways possible combination therapies. represent formidable challenge crucial role evasion. Exosomes major players processes. Combination therapies targeting exosome pathway could significantly improve patients' overall outcomes. Understanding underlying mechanisms, including targeted therapies, will be required transcend existing limitations push newer strategies treatment.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicles: their challenges and benefits as potential biomarkers for musculoskeletal disorders

Journal of International Medical Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 53(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Early diagnosis and timely management are critical for determining disease outcomes prognoses. To date, certain methods developing disease-specific biomarkers have been reported; however, strategies musculoskeletal biomarker development rarely studied. Recent studies highlighted the potential application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers. EVs encapsulate proteins, lipids, messenger RNAs, microRNAs derived from their cellular origin; these constituents remain stable within can traverse blood–brain barrier. Because distinctive characteristics, actively investigated diagnostic tools various conditions, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, disorders. Although many advantages development, they not yet fully researched in context pathologies. The current review aimed to highlight biomarkers, summarize processes EV discuss limitations future perspectives

Language: Английский

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Enhancing Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles by Microfluidics

Analytical Chemistry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 25, 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play crucial roles in intercellular communication and hold great promise as biomarkers for noninvasive disease diagnosis. Intensive research efforts have been devoted to discovering the EV subpopulations responsible specific functions or with enhanced effectiveness markers, through extensive purification content analysis. However, their high heterogeneity size cargo composition poses significant challenges reaching such goals. Isolation methods like ultracentrifugation size-exclusion chromatography, well analysis approaches polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, made contributions improving our understanding of biology. Nonetheless, these face limitations isolation efficiency, purity, detection sensitivity specificity due issues large sample consumption, unsatisfactory insufficient resolution subtyping. Microfluidic technology presents promising solutions challenges, leveraging intrinsic capabilities precise flow external energy field manipulation, compartmentalization, signal enhancement at micro- nanoscale. Hence, this review summarizes recent developments microfluidics-enabled analysis, paying special attention unique microfluidic features exploited. Strategies viscoelastic inertial flow, fluid mixing, external-field-assisted purification, compartmentalization micro/nanostructures enhancing detection, are examined. Furthermore, current potential future directions discussed inspire advancements rapidly developing field.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicles: a new frontier in diagnosing and treating graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: March 26, 2025

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a prevalent complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and characterized by relatively high morbidity mortality rates. GvHD can result in extensive systemic damage patients HSCT (allo-HSCT), with the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver frequently being primary target organs affected. The severe manifestations of acute intestinal often indicate poor prognosis for after allo-HSCT. Endoscopy histopathological evaluation remain employed to diagnose GvHD, auxiliary examinations exclude differential diagnoses. Currently, reliable serum biomarkers diagnosis are scarce. As an essential part standard transplant protocols, early application immunosuppressive drugs effectively prevents GvHD. Among them, steroids represent first-line therapeutic agents, JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib represents second-line agent. no efficacious treatment modality exists steroid-resistant aGvHD. Therefore, still face significant medical demands. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) nanometer micrometer-scale biomembrane containing various bioactive components, such as proteins, nucleotides, metabolites. Distinctive changes serum-derived EV components occur allo-HSCT; Hence, EVs expected be potential diagnosing treating Furthermore, cell-free therapeutics derived from mesenchymal cells (MSCs) have manifested remarkable efficacy preclinical models trials Customized engineered fewer toxic side effects combined hold broad prospects clinical translation. This review article examines value translating into applications It summarizes latest advancements applying

Language: Английский

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From Bench to Bedside: The Evolution of Extracellular Vesicle Diagnostics through Microfluidic and Paper-Based Technologies

Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 114675 - 114675

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Small extracellular vesicles: the origins, current status, future prospects, and applications

Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: April 17, 2025

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are membrane-bound with a size of less than 200 nm, released by cells. Due to their relatively small molecular weight and ability participate in intercellular communication, sEVs can serve not only as carriers biomarkers for disease diagnosis but also effective drug delivery agents. Furthermore, these involved regulating the onset progression various diseases, reflecting physiological functional states This paper introduces classification vesicles, focus on extraction identification significant role repair, diagnosis, communication. Additionally, addresses engineering modification provide reference enhanced understanding application.

Language: Английский

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