Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
47(5), P. 597 - 620
Published: March 8, 2024
Abstract
The
use
of
pesticides
and
the
subsequent
accumulation
residues
in
soil
has
become
a
worldwide
problem.
Organochlorine
(OC)
have
spread
widely
environment
caused
contamination
from
past
agricultural
activities.
This
article
reviews
bioremediation
pesticide
compounds
using
microbial
enzymes,
including
enzymatic
degradation
pathway
recent
development
enzyme-mediated
bioremediation.
Enzyme-mediated
is
divided
into
phase
I
II,
where
former
increases
solubility
through
oxidation–reduction
hydrolysis
reactions,
while
latter
transforms
toxic
pollutants
less
or
nontoxic
products
conjugation
reactions.
identified
enzymes
that
can
degrade
OC
insecticides
include
dehalogenases,
phenol
hydroxylase,
laccases.
Recent
developments
to
improve
immobilization,
encapsulation,
protein
engineering,
which
ensure
its
stability,
recyclability,
handling
storage,
better
control
reaction.
Molecules,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(2), P. 471 - 471
Published: Jan. 4, 2023
The
electrochemical
oxidation
of
amines
is
an
essential
alternative
to
the
conventional
chemical
transformation
that
provides
critical
routes
for
synthesising
and
modifying
a
wide
range
chemically
useful
molecules,
including
pharmaceuticals
agrochemicals.
As
result,
anodic
reactivity
these
compounds
has
been
extensively
researched
over
past
seven
decades.
However,
different
mechanistic
aspects
have
never
discussed
from
comprehensive
general
point
view.
This
review
examines
mechanism
aliphatic
amines,
amides,
aniline
derivatives,
carbamates,
lactams,
either
directly
oxidised
at
electrode
surfaces
or
indirectly
by
reversible
redox
molecule,
in
which
reactive
form
was
generated
situ.
mechanisms
are
compared
simplified
understand
all
possible
pathways
using
only
few
mechanisms.
Examples
application
reactions
also
provided.
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
145(6), P. 3294 - 3300
Published: Feb. 1, 2023
N-Demethylation
of
trialkylamines
is
a
useful
transformation,
but
typically
requires
harsh
reaction
conditions
and
stepwise
procedures,
as
well
judicious
protection
labile
functional
groups.
Herein
we
report
mild,
catalytic
approach
for
the
demethylation
by
utilizing
photoinduced
nickel
catalysis
wherein
C(sp2)–bromides
serve
hydrogen-atom
transfer
(HAT)
reagents.
This
method
achieves
direct
with
wide
group
compatibility,
making
it
highly
suitable
late-stage
derivatization
complex
molecules.
Mechanistic
investigations
provide
evidence
that
C(sp2)
radicals
generated
via
Ni–C(sp2)
bond
homolysis
are
involved
in
hydrogen
atom
abstraction
from
trialkylamines.
Utilizing
steric
control
C(sp2)–bromides,
our
HAT
excellent
site
selectivity
presence
benzyl-substituted
amines,
which
complementary
to
classical
approaches
afford
debenzylation
product
instead.
Molecules,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(12), P. 4713 - 4713
Published: June 12, 2023
The
mitochondrial
amidoxime-reducing
component
(mARC)
is
the
most
recently
discovered
molybdoenzyme
in
humans
after
sulfite
oxidase,
xanthine
oxidase
and
aldehyde
oxidase.
Here,
timeline
of
mARC's
discovery
briefly
described.
story
begins
with
investigations
into
N-oxidation
pharmaceutical
drugs
model
compounds.
Many
compounds
are
N-oxidized
extensively
vitro,
but
it
turned
out
that
a
previously
unknown
enzyme
catalyzes
retroreduction
N-oxygenated
products
vivo.
After
many
years,
mARC
could
finally
be
isolated
identified
2006.
an
important
drug-metabolizing
N-reduction
by
has
been
exploited
very
successfully
for
prodrug
strategies,
allow
oral
administration
otherwise
poorly
bioavailable
therapeutic
drugs.
Recently,
was
demonstrated
key
factor
lipid
metabolism
likely
involved
pathogenesis
non-alcoholic
fatty
liver
disease
(NAFLD).
exact
link
between
not
yet
fully
understood.
Regardless,
now
consider
potential
drug
target
prevention
or
treatment
diseases.
This
article
focusses
on
discoveries
related
to
mammalian
enzymes.
homologues
have
studied
algae,
plants
bacteria.
These
will
discussed
here.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
26(5), P. 1812 - 1812
Published: Feb. 20, 2025
N4-methylcytosine
is
a
modified
heterocyclic
base
present
both
in
RNA
and
DNA.
The
biosynthesis
function
of
this
derivative
are
widely
investigated.
However,
how
the
demethylation
occurs
not
known.
Here,
we
have
investigated
growth
an
Escherichia
coli
uracil
auxotroph
strain
minimal
M9
medium
supplemented
with
N4-methylcytosine.
We
found
that
compound,
but
related
N4,N4-dimethylcytosine,
well
supports
generation
time
bacterium
being
3
h
compared
to
1.5
for
media
cytosine
or
uracil.
Using
high-performance
liquid
chromatography
(HPLC),
demonstrated
concentration
decreases
by
12%
after
24
growth.
shown
directly
converted
into
E.
CodA
deaminase.
Instead,
propose
enzymatic
pathway
which
yet
unknown
demethylase,
whereas
converts
resulting
uracil,
thereby
supporting
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 19, 2025
The
development
of
efficient
and
practical
N-dealkylation
reactions
stands
as
a
longstanding
objective
in
synthetic
chemistry.
Inspired
by
the
oxidative
mediated
heme
nonheme
metalloenzymes,
we
disclose
biomimetic
catalysis
that
utilizes
manganese
complex
bearing
anthryl-appended
aminopyridine
ligand
hydrogen
peroxide
(H2O2)
terminal
oxidant.
A
variety
Weinreb
amides
cyclic
aliphatic
amines
are
efficiently
transformed
into
valuable
methyl
hydroxamates
ω-amino
acids
through
C-N
bond
cleavage.
Mechanistic
studies,
including
density
functional
theory
(DFT)
calculations,
reveal
manganese(IV)-oxo
cation
radical
species,
which
is
formed
via
bromoacetic
acid-assisted
heterolytic
O-O
cleavage
presumed
manganese(III)-hydroperoxo
species
subsequent
intramolecular
electron
transfer
(ET)
from
anthryl
group
to
center,
active
intermediate
initiates
reactions;
this
process
reminiscent
iron(III)-hydroperoxo
porphyrin
intermediates
(Cpd
0)
form
iron(IV)-oxo
π-cation
radicals
I)
responsible
for
diverse
selective
oxidation
reactions.
Moreover,
it
revealed
activation
C-H
adjacent
nitrogen
atom
proceeds
hydride
(HT)
mechanism,
involves
concerted
asynchronous
proton-coupled
(PCET),
followed
an
ET
process.
Thus,
study
reports
first
instance
catalytic
tertiary
amides,
such
amines,
Cpd
I-like
initial
HT
pathway.
