Beyond the Neuron: The Integrated Role of Glia in Psychiatric Disorders

Neuroglia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 6(2), P. 15 - 15

Published: March 25, 2025

In recent decades, substantial evidence has highlighted the integral roles of neuroglia, particularly astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, in regulation synaptic transmission, metabolic support, immune mechanisms within central nervous system. addition to their structural role, these cells actively modulate neurotransmitter homeostasis influence neuronal plasticity, thereby affecting cognition, mood, behavior. This review discusses how neuroglial alterations contribute pathophysiology five common psychiatric disorders: major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia. We synthesized preclinical clinical findings illustrating that glial dysfunction, including impaired myelination aberrant neuroinflammatory responses, often parallels disease onset severity. Moreover, we outline disruptions astrocytic glutamate uptake, microglia-mediated pruning, blood–brain barrier integrity may underlie neurobiological heterogeneity observed disorders. The therapeutic implications range from anti-inflammatory agents investigational compounds aim stabilize function or promote remyelination. However, challenges due interindividual variability, insufficient biomarkers, multifactorial nature illnesses remain. Advances neuroimaging, liquid biopsy, more precise molecular techniques facilitate targeted interventions by stratifying patient subgroups with distinct phenotypes. Continued research is essential translate insights into clinically efficacious safe treatments.

Language: Английский

Role of Antioxidants in Modulating the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Their Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(8), P. 3658 - 3658

Published: April 12, 2025

This narrative review presents the role of antioxidants in regulating gut microbiota and impact on gut–brain axis, with a particular focus neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s (AD) Parkinson’s disease (PD). These diseases are characterised by cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, neuroinflammation, all which significantly exacerbated oxidative stress. elucidates contribution damage to progression explores potential mitigate these pathological processes through modulation associated pathways. Based recent studies retrieved from reputable databases, including PubMed, Web Science, Scopus, this article outlines mechanisms influence health exert neuroprotective effects. Specifically, it discusses how antioxidants, polyphenols, vitamins, flavonoids, contribute reduction reactive oxygen species (ROS) production thereby promoting neuronal survival minimising brain. In addition, modulating key molecular pathways involved stress NF-κB, Nrf2, MAPK, PI3K/AKT pathways, regulate ROS generation, inflammatory cytokine expression, antioxidant responses essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis both central nervous system. complex relationship between gut-derived metabolites, stress, highlighting dysbiosis—an imbalance microbiota—can exacerbate accelerating AD PD. The also examines short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced beneficial bacteria attenuate neuroinflammation damage. Furthermore, therapeutic microbiota-targeted interventions, delivery probiotics prebiotics, innovative strategies restore microbial support brain health. By synthesising current knowledge interplay underlying neurodegeneration, highlights promise antioxidant-based interventions mitigating progression. It need further research into antioxidant-rich dietary microbiota-focused therapies promising avenues prevention treatment diseases.

Language: Английский

The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Key Mechanisms Driving Glymphopathy and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease

Life, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 3 - 3

Published: Dec. 24, 2024

The human microbiota constitute a very complex ecosystem of microorganisms inhabiting both the inside and outside our bodies, in which health maintenance disease modification are main regulatory features. recent explosion microbiome research has begun to detail its important role neurological health, particularly concerning cerebral small vessel (CSVD), disorder associated with cognitive decline vascular dementia. This narrative review represents state-of-the-art knowledge intimate, interplay between brain through gut-brain axis (GBA) emerging glymphatic system dysfunction (glymphopathy) circulating cell-derived microparticles (MPs) as mediators these interactions. We discuss how microbial dysbiosis promotes neuroinflammation, dysfunction, impaired waste clearance brain, critical factors pathogenesis CSVD. Further, we lifestyle that shape composition functionality microbiota, focusing on sleep modifiable risk factor disorders. presents from neuroscientific perspective establish future therapeutic avenues targeting improve reduce burden

Language: Английский