Metformin: Therapeutic profile in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 26(S3), P. 3 - 19

Published: May 24, 2024

Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) can claim its origins in the use of Galega officinalis as a plant treatment for symptoms ascribed to diabetes. Since first clinical metformin glucose-lowering agent 1957, this medicine has emerged first-line pharmacological option support lifestyle interventions management type 2 diabetes (T2D). It acts through multiple cellular pathways, principally gut, liver and muscle, counter insulin resistance lower blood glucose without weight gain or risk overt hypoglycaemia. Other effects include improvements lipid metabolism, decreased inflammation long-term cardiovascular risk. is conveniently combined with other medications, be prescribed prediabetes reduce progression T2D, used some regions assist glycaemic control pregnancy. Consistent diversity actions, established safety profile cost-effectiveness, being assessed further possible applications. The requires adequate renal function drug elimination, may cause initial gastrointestinal side effects, which moderated by taking meals using an extended-release formulation. Thus, serves valuable therapeutic resource throughout natural history T2D.

Language: Английский

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The role of AMPK-dependent pathways in cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: a new perspective for treatment and prevention of diseases

Inflammopharmacology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 30(3), P. 775 - 788

Published: April 13, 2022

Language: Английский

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Hippo Signaling in the Ovary: Emerging Roles in Development, Fertility, and Disease

Endocrine Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 43(6), P. 1074 - 1096

Published: May 21, 2022

Abstract Emerging studies indicate that the Hippo pathway, a highly conserved pathway regulates organ size control, plays an important role in governing ovarian physiology, fertility, and pathology. Specific to ovary, spatiotemporal expression of major components signaling cascade are observed throughout reproductive lifespan. Observations from multiple species begin elucidate functional diversity molecular mechanisms ovary addition identification interactions with other pathways responses various external stimuli. play roles follicle growth activation, as well steroidogenesis, by regulating several key biological processes through cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, fate determination. Given importance these processes, dysregulation contributes loss follicular homeostasis disorders such polycystic syndrome (PCOS), premature insufficiency, cancers. This review highlights what is currently known about core including development, oocyte maturation, while identifying areas for future research better understand multifunctional health biology.

Language: Английский

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Update on the therapeutic role of metformin in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: Effects on pathophysiologic process and fertility outcomes

Women s Health, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 21

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Influential guidelines have supported the role of metformin in management polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) for a number years. However, regulatory approvals this therapeutic indication are still exceptional and exist only few countries, including originator, Glucophage®. PCOS is an insulin-resistant state, which drives hyperandrogenism anovulatory infertility. The metabolic action involves amelioration insulin resistance, helps to resolve hormonal disturbances increases ovulation, pregnancy, live birth rates relative placebo. A combination with clomifene citrate (another widely used treatment PCOS) more effective than either alone useful option women clomifene-resistant PCOS. Combining letrozole (1st-line agent ovulation induction no other infertility risk factors) not alone. Continuing end 1st trimester at dose (e.g. 1000–2000 mg/day) may help reduce rate miscarriages. Metformin also has adjunctive receiving assisted reproduction technology (ART) using long gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist protocol, where it appears increase pregnancy ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. There short ART protocols. Where successful achieved, generally safe mother neonate. Further research needed define greater precision optimal dosage times initiate discontinue who achieve pregnancy.

Language: Английский

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The role of the thyroid in polycystic ovary syndrome

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Oct. 5, 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease in women of childbearing age can cause disorder, infertility, increased anxiety depression; as a result, it seriously affect physical mental health fertile women. PCOS highly clinically heterogeneous with unclear etiology pathogenesis, which increases difficulty treatment. The thyroid gland has complex regulatory effects on metabolism, reproduction, emotion, produces hormones that act almost all cells human body. clinical manifestations are similar to some diseases. Furthermore, diseases, such subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), not only increase incidence rate PCOS, but also exacerbate its associated abnormalities reproductive disorders. Interestingly, However, role remains unclear. This review intended thoroughly explore critical by summarizing comorbidity diseases their combined disorders, related disorders; analyzing potential mechanism through influences development progression symptoms. We hope this will provide valuable reference for PCOS.

Language: Английский

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A review on dynamic pharmacological potency and multifaceted biological activities of propolis

Discover Sustainability, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: Aug. 8, 2024

Abstract This review explores the therapeutic potential of propolis, a natural resin produced by bees, analyzing recent literature spanning from 2005 to 2023. Various databases including Google Scholar, Web Science, Science Direct, PubMed, SCOPUS, and WoS were searched uncover findings. Propolis exhibits diverse array pharmacological properties, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, wound-healing effects. It shows promise in treating respiratory infections, oral diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, skin conditions. Additionally, research suggests its as an anticancer agent. The also investigates efficacy propolis addressing antiviral, antibacterial, metabolic disorders (diabetes), reproductive disorder (PCOS), cardiovascular hepatotoxicity, wound healing properties propolis. Hence, could emerge remedy with significant for enhancing healthcare outcomes.

Language: Английский

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The Effects of Separate and Combined Treatment of Male Rats with Type 2 Diabetes with Metformin and Orthosteric and Allosteric Agonists of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor on Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 23(1), P. 198 - 198

Published: Dec. 24, 2021

In men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis are impaired. Metformin the agonists of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)-receptor (LH/hCG-R) (hCG, low-molecular-weight allosteric LH/hCG-R-agonists) can be used to restore them. The aim was study effectiveness separate combined administration metformin, hCG 5-amino-N-tert-butyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)-4-(3-(nicotinamido)phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (TP3) on in male rats T2DM. (15 IU/rat/day) TP3 mg/kg/day) were injected last five days five-week metformin treatment (120 mg/kg/day). improved testicular restored LH/hCG-R-expression. Compared control, T2DM, stimulated StAR-gene expression less effectively and, after five-day administration, reduced LH/hCG-R-expression, while effects changed weaker. co-administration LH/hCG-R-agonists, first day, stimulating LH/hCG-R-agonists testosterone levels hCG-stimulated StAR- CYP17A1-genes increased, but 3–5th they disappeared. This due LH/hCG-R-gene increased aromatase-catalyzed estradiol production. With co-administration, did not contribute improving spermatogenesis, induced by metformin. Thus, being more effective restoring their improves LH/hCG-R-agonist-stimulating acute chronic administration.

Language: Английский

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Metformin Intervention—A Panacea for Cancer Treatment?

Cancers, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(5), P. 1336 - 1336

Published: March 4, 2022

The molecular mechanism of action and the individual influence various metabolic pathways related to metformin intervention are under current investigation. available data suggest that provides many advantages, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, otoprotective, radioprotective, radio-sensitizing properties depending on cellular context. This literature review was undertaken provide novel evidence concerning intervention, with a particular emphasis cancer treatment prevention. Undoubtedly, pleiotropic actions associated include inhibiting inflammatory processes, increasing antioxidant capacity, improving glycemic lipid metabolism. Consequently, these characteristics make an attractive medicament translate human trials, promising results which were also summarized in this review.

Language: Английский

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Obesity and Male Reproduction: Do Sirtuins Play a Role?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(2), P. 973 - 973

Published: Jan. 16, 2022

Obesity is a major current public health problem of global significance. A progressive sperm quality decline, and decline in male fertility, have been reported recent decades. Several studies strict relationship between obesity reproductive dysfunction. Among the many mechanisms by which impairs gonadal function, sirtuins (SIRTs) an emerging role. SIRTs are highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases that play role gene regulation, metabolism, aging, cancer. regulate energy balance, lipid glucose adipogenesis, but evidence also indicates for reproduction. However, majority conducted animal models very few with humans. This review shows important among molecular interferes fertility. highlights need to deepen this relationship. It will be particular interest evaluate whether synthetic and/or natural compounds capable modifying activity may useful treatment its effects on function. Although explored SIRT activators obesity-induced infertility, some molecules, such as resveratrol, appear effective modulating activity, well counteracting negative The search strategies improve function overweight/obese patients challenge understanding their open new interesting scenarios coming years.

Language: Английский

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Adsorption of Metformin hydrochloride and sodium diclofenac over Gum ghatti-g-poly(NIPAM-co-AA)/-o-MWCNT

Next Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4, P. 100190 - 100190

Published: April 16, 2024

The current concern over water pollution caused by various agents is significant. predominant method for removing pollutants involves adsorption, with biopolymer-based hydrogels being widely utilized this purpose. In study, the amalgamation of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylic acid (AA) was performed on surface gum ghatti (GG), scientifically identified as Anogeissus latifolia. grafting PNIPAM PAA achieved using free radical initiator ammonium persulfate (APS). Initially, APS generated reactive sites GG, leading to PAA. A modified version oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (o-MWCNT) incorporated onto GG-g-P(NIPA-co-AA) in situ. Material characterization FT-IR XRD confirmed formation presence o-MWCNT. hydrogel GG-g-P(NIPAM-co-AA)/o-MWCNT(30 mg)-GNACNT-3 exhibited favourable simultaneous adsorption sodium Metformin hydrochloride (MF) diclofenac (SD) under varied conditions a batch process. results indicated higher affinity SD compared MF, 40 mg adsorbent showing greater efficiency (89.2%) than MF (60.41%). both drugs followed Langmuir isotherm Pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model, suggesting monolayer chemisorption mechanism.

Language: Английский

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