Hydrogel-based
drug
delivery
systems
(DDS)
offer
promising
alternatives
for
treating
ocular
diseases
by
overcoming
the
limitations
of
traditional
therapies,
such
as
low
bioavailability,
frequent
administration,
and
invasiveness.
Hydrogels,
with
their
high
biocompatibility
ability
to
respond
external
stimuli,
can
provide
sustained
targeted
delivery.
This
review
highlights
unique
properties
hydrogels,
including
swelling
behavior,
porosity,
mechanical
strength,
making
them
suitable
various
applications.
The
classification
hydrogels
based
on
cross-linking
methods,
origins,
stimuli
responsiveness
is
discussed,
emphasizing
potential
in
dry
eye
disease
(DED),
glaucoma,
corneal
alkali
burns,
neovascularization.
Notable
advances
include
thermosensitive
pH-responsive
which
have
shown
results
preclinical
studies.
Despite
these
advances,
most
studies
are
still
stages,
highlighting
need
rigorous
human
trials
validate
safety
efficacy
hydrogel
DDS.
Collaborative
efforts
among
researchers,
pharmacologists,
ophthalmologists
essential
translating
innovations
into
clinical
practice,
ultimately
improving
patient
outcomes
management.
Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
40(1), P. 13 - 33
Published: Sept. 21, 2023
Purpose:
Diabetic
retinopathy
(DR)
is
a
microvascular
retinal
disease
associated
with
chronic
diabetes
mellitus,
characterized
by
the
damage
of
blood
vessels
in
eye.
It
projected
to
become
leading
cause
blindness,
given
increasing
burden
diabetic
population
worldwide.
The
diagnosis
and
management
DR
pose
significant
challenges
for
physicians
because
involvement
multiple
biochemical
pathways
complexity
ocular
tissues.
This
review
aims
provide
comprehensive
understanding
molecular
implicated
pathogenesis
DR,
including
polyo
pathway,
hexosamine
protein
kinase
C
(PKC),
JAK/STAT
signaling
pathways,
renin–angiotensin
system
(RAS).
Methods:
Academic
databases
such
as
PubMed,
Scopus,
Google
Scholar
Web
Science
was
systematically
searched
using
carefully
constructed
search
strategy
incorporating
keywords
like
“Diabetic
Retinopathy,”
“Molecular
Pathways,”
“Pharmacological
Treatments,”
“Clinical
Trials”
identify
relevant
literature
review.
Results:
In
addition
activating
other
inflammatory
cascades,
these
contribute
generation
oxidative
stress
within
retina.
Furthermore,
it
explore
existing
pharmacotherapy
options
available
treatment
DR.
conventional
pharmacological
therapies
corticosteroids,
antivascular
endothelial
growth
factors,
nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory
drugs
(NSAIDs),
this
highlights
potential
repurposed
drugs,
phyto-pharmaceuticals,
novel
pipeline
currently
undergoing
various
stages
clinical
trials.
Conclusion:
Overall,
serves
technical
exploration
complex
nature
highlighting
both
established
emerging
its
pathogenesis.
delves
into
treatments,
well
promising
being
evaluated
trials,
focus
on
their
specific
mechanisms
action.
Bioengineering,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(2), P. 179 - 179
Published: Feb. 13, 2024
Ocular
diseases
present
a
unique
challenge
and
opportunity
for
therapeutic
development.
The
eye
has
distinct
advantages
as
therapy
target
given
its
accessibility,
compartmentalization,
immune
privilege,
size.
Various
methodologies
delivery
in
ocular
are
under
investigation
that
impact
long-term
efficacy,
toxicity,
invasiveness,
range.
While
gene,
cell,
antibody
nanoparticle
directly
treat
regions
have
been
damaged
by
disease,
they
can
be
limited
the
duration
of
focal
effect.
In
contrast,
contact
lenses
implants
more
effectively
achieve
sustained
widespread
therapies;
however,
increase
dilution
therapeutics,
which
may
result
reduced
effectiveness.
Current
therapies
either
offer
release
or
broad
effect,
future
directions
should
aim
toward
achieving
both.
This
review
discusses
current
systems
their
applications,
mechanisms
delivering
products
to
tissues,
challenges
associated
with
each
system,
approved
therapies,
clinical
trials.
Future
improvement
existing
include
combination
such
combined
cell
gene
well
AI-driven
devices,
cortical
transmit
visual
information
cortex.
Drug Discovery Today,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(11), P. 103757 - 103757
Published: Aug. 30, 2023
The
complement
system
is
involved
in
the
pathogenesis
of
several
ocular
diseases,
providing
a
rationale
for
investigation
complement-targeting
therapeutics
these
conditions.
Dry
age-related
macular
degeneration,
as
characterised
by
geographic
atrophy
(GA),
currently
most
active
area
research
therapeutics,
with
C3
inhibitor
approved
United
States
earlier
this
year
marking
first
therapy
GA.
This
review
discusses
role
disease,
provides
an
overview
agents
under
development
conditions,
and
reflects
on
lessons
that
can
be
learned
from
preclinical
investigations
clinical
trials
conducted
field
to
date.
Polymers for Advanced Technologies,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
36(2)
Published: Feb. 1, 2025
ABSTRACT
The
search
for
novel
drug
delivery
systems
has
generated
great
interest
in
biopolymer‐based
carriers.
Among
these,
carboxymethyl
guar
gum
(CMGG)
been
shown
to
be
promising.
CMGG
is
a
chemically
modified
derivative
of
that
synthesized
by
carboxymethylation
with
monochloroacetic
acid
and
sodium
hydroxide
under
optimized
conditions.
This
improves
the
physicochemical
properties
polysaccharide,
which
are
enhanced
hydrophilicity,
viscosity,
swelling
behavior
compared
unmodified
Guar
gum.
review
focuses
on
wide
applications
systems,
thus
underlining
its
versatility
as
an
excipient
based
unique
properties.
Key
features
such
pseudoplasticity
allow
effective
drugs
controlled‐release
systems.
Advanced
characterization
techniques,
like
Fourier
Transform
Infrared
Spectroscopy
Nuclear
Magnetic
Resonance
(NMR)
spectroscopy,
confirm
structural
changes
due
carboxymethylation;
further
aspects
emphasized
rheological
studies,
highlight
applicability
pharmaceutical
fields.
biocompatibility
biodegradability
add
advantages,
offering
safety
compatibility
environment
therapeutic
applications.
capacity
enclose
hydrophilic
well
control
release
profiles
shows
promise
efficacy
enhancement
patient
safety.
puts
forward
represents
excellent
means
development
enhancing
outcomes.
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 101354 - 101354
Published: March 1, 2025
Retinal
gene
therapy
using
adeno-associated
viral
(AAV)
vectors
has
been
a
groundbreaking
step-change
in
the
treatment
of
inherited
retinal
diseases
(IRDs)
and
could
also
be
used
to
treat
more
common
such
as
age-related
macular
degeneration
diabetic
retinopathy.
The
delivery
expression
therapeutic
transgenes
eye
is
limited
by
innate
adaptive
immune
responses
against
components
vector
product,
which
termed
therapy-associated
uveitis
(GTAU).
This
clinically
important
intraocular
inflammation
lead
irreversible
loss
cells,
deterioration
visual
function
reduced
durability
effect
associated
with
costly
one-off
treatment.
For
achieve
an
improved
efficacy
safety
profile
for
treating
additional
IRDs
diseases,
risk
GTAU
must
minimised.
We
have
collated
insights
from
pre-clinical
research,
clinical
trials,
real-world
implementation
AAV-mediated
help
understand
factors
GTAU.
draw
attention
emerging
framework,
includes
patient
demographics,
construct,
dose,
route
administration,
choice
immunosuppression
regime.
Importantly,
we
consider
efforts
date
potential
future
strategies
mitigate
adverse
response
across
each
these
domains.
advocate
targeted
immunomodulatory
approaches
prevention
based
on
better
understanding
underlying
response.
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Nov. 18, 2024
Introduction
Diabetic
retinopathy,
a
significant
trigger
for
blindness
among
working
age
individuals
with
diabetes,
poses
substantial
global
health
challenge.
Understanding
its
underlying
mechanisms
is
pivotal
developing
effective
treatments.
Current
treatment
options,
such
as
anti-VEGF
agents,
corticosteroids,
laser
photocoagulation,
and
vitreous
surgery,
have
their
limitations,
prompting
the
exploration
of
innovative
approaches
like
nanocapsules
based
drug-delivery
systems.
Nanoparticles
provide
promising
solutions
to
improve
drug
delivery
in
ocular
medicine,
overcoming
complexities
anatomy
existing
constraints.
