Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Pathophysiology, Drug Targeting Approaches, and Recent Developments in Nanotherapeutics
Mahendra Pratap Singh,
No information about this author
Riyakshi Negi,
No information about this author
Alka
No information about this author
et al.
Medicina,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
60(10), P. 1647 - 1647
Published: Oct. 8, 2024
The
most
prevalent
reason
for
vision
impairment
in
aging
inhabitants
is
age-related
macular
degeneration
(AMD),
a
posterior
ocular
disease
with
poor
understanding
of
the
anatomic,
genetic,
and
pathophysiological
progression
disease.
Recently,
new
insights
exploring
role
atrophic
changes
retinal
pigment
epithelium,
extracellular
drusen
deposits,
lysosomal
lipofuscin,
various
genes
have
been
investigated
AMD.
Hence,
this
review
explores
incidence
risk
factors
AMD,
such
as
oxidative
stress,
inflammation,
complement
system,
involvement
bioactive
lipids
their
angiogenesis.
In
addition
to
intravitreal
anti-vascular
endothelial
growth
factor
(VEGF)
therapy
other
therapeutic
interventions
oral
kinase
inhibitors,
photodynamic,
gene,
antioxidant
therapy,
well
benefits
drawbacks
AMD
treatment
options,
strategic
drug
delivery
methods,
including
routes
focus
on
pharmacokinetics,
are
investigated.
Further,
recent
advancements
nanoformulations
polymeric
lipid
nanocarriers,
liposomes,
etc.,
intended
pros
cons
too
summarized.
Therefore,
purpose
give
researchers
an
pathophysiology,
emphasis
angiogenesis,
function
lipids,
options.
Additionally,
options
that
development
system(s)
via
several
can
aid
advancement
choices.
Language: Английский
Formulation Advances in Posterior Segment Ocular Drug Delivery
Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 23, 2025
Posterior
segment
ocular
diseases,
such
as
diabetic
retinopathy,
age-related
macular
degeneration,
and
retinal
vein
occlusion,
are
leading
causes
of
vision
impairment
blindness
worldwide.
Effective
management
these
conditions
remains
a
formidable
challenge
due
to
the
unique
anatomical
physiological
barriers
eye,
including
blood-retinal
barrier
rapid
drug
clearance
mechanisms.
To
address
hurdles,
nanostructured
delivery
systems
proposed
overcome
barriers,
target
retina,
enhance
permeation
while
ensuring
controlled
release.
Traditional
therapeutic
approaches,
intravitreal
injections,
pose
significant
drawbacks,
patient
discomfort,
poor
compliance,
potential
complications.
Therefore,
understanding
physiology
mechanism
eye
could
aid
in
design
novel
formulations
that
be
noninvasive
deliver
drugs
reach
site
is
pivotal
for
effective
treatment
strategies.
This
review
focuses
on
recent
advances
formulation
strategies
posterior
delivery,
highlighting
their
limitations.
Furthermore,
nanocarrier
in-situ
gel,
niosomes,
hydrogels,
dendrimers,
liposomes,
nanoparticles,
nanoemulsions
more
effectively
selectively
explored,
supplemented
with
illustrative
examples,
figures,
tables.
aims
provide
insights
into
current
state
emphasizing
need
interdisciplinary
approaches
develop
patient-centric,
minimally
invasive,
solutions.
Language: Английский