“Functional upcycling” of polymer waste towards the design of new materials

Chemical Society Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 52(14), P. 4755 - 4832

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Diversification of polymer waste recycling is one the solutions to improve current environmental scenario. Upcycling a promising strategy for converting into molecular intermediates and high-value products. Although catalytic transformations small molecules have been actively discussed, methods characteristics upcycling new materials not yet addressed. Recently, functionalisation wastes (polyethylene terephthalate bottles, polypropylene surgical masks, rubber tires, etc.) their conversion with enhanced functionality proposed as an appealing alternative dealing recycling/treatment. In this review, term 'functional upcycling' introduced designate any method post-polymerisation modification or surface without considerable chain destruction produce upcycled material added value. This review explores functional detailed consideration most common polymers, i.e., polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, rubber. We discuss composition plastic waste, reactivity, available physical/chemical agents modification, interconnection between properties application. To date, successfully applied adsorbents (including CO2), catalysts, electrode energy storage sensing, demonstrating high Importantly, reviewed reports indicated that specific performance generally comparable higher than similar prepared from virgin feedstock. All these advantages promote diversification approach against postprocessing employed waste. Finally, identify limitations suggest future scope research each polymer, we comparatively analysed aspects those chemical mechanical recycling, considering resource costs, toxicity used chemicals, footprint, value product.

Language: Английский

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Upcycling of Plastic Waste Using Photo-, Electro-, and Photoelectrocatalytic Approaches: A Way toward Circular Economy

ACS Catalysis, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 4865 - 4926

Published: March 18, 2024

Rapid industrialization and development have led to a tremendous increase in the use of various types plastic commodities daily life. For past several years, pollution has become global issue, posing serious threat mankind. The primary issue with increasing is lack proper management which created huge havoc environment. From initial phase waste management, been discarded, recycled, downcycled, or dumped into landfills large proportion, causing extreme damage ecosystem. Conventionally, treated via thermal processes such as pyrolysis incineration plants require amount capital and, therefore, harms aim circular economy. Chemical upcycling gaining attention high-potential catalytic strategy convert plastics, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polystyrene, etc. fuels, functionalized polymers, other value-added chemicals having direct impact on affordability viability. In this review, we focused photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis effective efficient technologies. These approaches can lower dependence nonrenewable resources are more environmentally friendly contrast conventional approaches. This review elaborately discusses pros cons provides detailed overview potential renewable energy-driven for conversion wastes valuable fuels commodity chemicals, along challenges future directions emerging approach treatment.

Language: Английский

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Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a deployable and scalable process to recover Monomer-Grade styrene from waste polystyrene

Chemical Engineering Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 492, P. 152079 - 152079

Published: May 9, 2024

Less than 5 % of polystyrene is recycled, motivating a search for energy efficient and economical methods recycling that can be deployed at scale. One option chemical recycling, consisting thermal depolymerization purification to produce monomer-grade styrene (>99 %) other co-products. Thermal distillation are readily scalable, well-established technologies; however, considered practical, they must thermodynamically efficient, economically feasible, environmentally responsible. Accordingly, mass balances pyrolysis reactor two columns separate from α-methyl styrene, dimer, toluene, ethyl benzene co-products, were simulated using ASPEN evaluate thermodynamic economic feasibility. These simulations indicate recovered with inputs < 10 MJ/kg, comparable the content Thermodynamic sensitivity analysis indicates scope reduce these values enhance robustness predictions. A probabilistic multiple scenarios combined detailed cost recycled approximately twice historical market value fossil-derived when costs fixed 15 total product or less feedstock assumed zero. Monte Carlo Net Present Value-based performance viable assuming realistic costs. Furthermore, CO2 abatement roughly $1.5 per ton averted CO2, relative process system fuels. As much as 60 all used today could replaced by chemically thus quantifying potential benefits this scalable approach.

Language: Английский

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Industrial and Laboratory Technologies for the Chemical Recycling of Plastic Waste

ACS Catalysis, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(16), P. 12437 - 12453

Published: Aug. 5, 2024

Synthetic polymers play an indispensable role in modern society, finding applications across various sectors ranging from packaging, textiles, and consumer products to construction, electronics, industrial machinery. Commodity plastics are cheap produce, widely available, versatile meet diverse application needs. As a result, millions of metric tons manufactured annually. However, current approaches for the chemical recycling postconsumer plastic waste, primarily based on pyrolysis, lag efficiency compared their production methods. In recent years, significant research has focused developing milder, economically viable methods commodity plastics, which involves converting waste back into monomers or transforming it other valuable chemicals. This Perspective examines both cutting-edge laboratory-scale contributing advancements field recycling.

Language: Английский

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A novel Gordonia sp. PS3 isolated from the gut of Galleria mellonella larvae: mechanism of polystyrene biodegradation and environmental toxicological evaluation

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 137219 - 137219

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Towards sustainable solutions: A review of polystyrene upcycling and degradation techniques

Polymer Degradation and Stability, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 225, P. 110779 - 110779

Published: April 16, 2024

Language: Английский

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Initiator‐Activation Strategy‐Enabled Organocatalyzed Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization Driven by Light

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 62(27)

Published: May 5, 2023

Organocatalyzed reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) are attractive for many applications. Here, we developed photoredox-mediated RDRP by activating (hetero)aryl sulfonyl chloride (ArSO2 Cl) initiators with pyridines and designing a novel bis(phenothiazine)arene catalyst. The in situ formed pyridinium intermediates effectively promote controlled chain-growth from ArSO2 Cl, enabling access to various well-defined polymers high initiation efficiencies dispersities under mild conditions. This versatile method allows "ON/OFF" temporal control, chain-extension, facile synthesis of different polymer brushes via organocatalyzed grafting reactions linear chains. Time-resolved fluorescence decay studies calculations support the reaction mechanism. work provides transition-metal-free tailor readily available aromatic initiators, will design polymerization leveraged photoredox catalysis.

Language: Английский

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Performance of Particleboard Made of Agroforestry Residues Bonded with Thermosetting Adhesive Derived from Waste Styrofoam

Polymers, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(4), P. 543 - 543

Published: Feb. 17, 2024

This paper investigated the upcycling process of thermoplastic waste polystyrene (WPS) into thermosetting particleboard adhesive using two cross-linkers, namely methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and maleic anhydride (MA). The WPS was dissolved in an organic co-solvent. weight ratio WPS/co-solvent 1:9, 10% cross-linkers based on solids content were added subsequently at 60 °C under continuous stirring for 30 min. properties, cohesion strength, thermo-mechanical properties WPS-based adhesives examined to investigate change adhesives. bonding strength evaluated made sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) wood rice straw particles different ratios according Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908:2003. Rheology Dynamic Mechanical Analysis revealed that modification with MDI MA resulted by increasing viscosity a temperature above 72.7 reaching maximum storage modulus 90.8 °C. modified had lower activation energy (Ea) value (83.4 kJ/mole) compared (150.8 kJ/mole), indicating cross-linking much faster MA. Particleboard fabricated from 100% bonded fulfilled minimum requirement JIS 5908:2003 interior applications.

Language: Английский

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Advanced microstructural characterization in high-strength steels via machine learning-enhanced high-speed nanoindentation and EBSD mapping

Materials Today Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 39, P. 109192 - 109192

Published: May 14, 2024

This research investigates the nanoscopic features of Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS) through a bottom-up approach employing high-speed nanoindentation mapping (HSNM) to elucidate structure-property relationships. The influence grain boundaries on nanomechanical properties was documented, highlighting challenge SEM-EBSD analysis in differentiating phases with identical crystal structures (BCC, FCC, etc.). Integrating HSNM same region interest is essential for detailed insights into phase/microstructure distribution and accurate boundary identification. A modular four-step protocol, designed validated ferritic-bainitic TRIP steels (TBF), leverages machine learning-enhanced significant advancements AHSS design. initial phase involves application expectation-maximization algorithm probability fitting data, deriving primary mechanical statistics. exclusively facilitates correlation elastic modulus hardness each using data. Further refinement property correlations achieved supervised learning approach, ensuring precise association between EBSD includes image clustering enhancing precision recognition. methodology addresses critical challenges developing 3rd Generation AHSS, aiming fill gap accurately identifying quantifying such as martensite, austenite, bainite, ferrite, thereby reducing classification measurement uncertainties. contributes fundamental understanding microstructures provides scalable framework comprehensive characterization structural materials.

Language: Английский

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RETRACTED: Prospects of physical, mechanical, and advanced recycling of end-of-life polystyrenes: Towards full recyclability

Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 42, P. 100821 - 100821

Published: April 8, 2023

Language: Английский

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