A Review on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing: Platforms, Sensors, Data Processing Methods, and Applications

Drones, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 7(6), P. 398 - 398

Published: June 15, 2023

In recent years, UAV remote sensing has gradually attracted the attention of scientific researchers and industry, due to its broad application prospects. It been widely used in agriculture, forestry, mining, other industries. UAVs can be flexibly equipped with various sensors, such as optical, infrared, LIDAR, become an essential observation platform. Based on sensing, obtain many high-resolution images, each pixel being a centimeter or millimeter. The purpose this paper is investigate current applications well aircraft platforms, data types, elements category; processing methods, etc.; study advantages technology, limitations, promising directions that still lack applications. By reviewing papers published field we found research classified into four categories according field: (1) Precision including crop disease observation, yield estimation, environmental observation; (2) Forestry forest identification, disaster (3) Remote power systems; (4) Artificial facilities natural environment. We image (RGB, multi-spectral, hyper-spectral) mainly neural network methods; monitoring, multi-spectral are most studied type data; for LIDAR data, end-to-end method; review examines development process certain fields implementation some predictions made about possible future directions.

Language: Английский

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Measurement of Forest Inventory Parameters with Apple iPad Pro and Integrated LiDAR Technology

Remote Sensing, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(16), P. 3129 - 3129

Published: Aug. 7, 2021

The estimation of single tree and complete stand information is one the central tasks forest inventory. In recent years, automatic algorithms have been successfully developed for detection measurement trees with laser scanning technology. Nevertheless, most inventories are nowadays carried out manual measurements using traditional instruments. This due to high investment costs modern scanner equipment and, in particular, time-consuming incomplete nature data acquisition stationary terrestrial scanners. Traditionally, inventory collected through surveys calipers or tapes. Practically, this both labor time-consuming. 2020, Apple implemented a Light Detection Ranging (LiDAR) sensor new iPad Pro (4th Gen) iPhone 12. Since then, access LiDAR-generated 3D point clouds has become possible consumer-level devices. study, an was tested produce clouds, its performance compared personal (PLS) approach estimate individual parameters different types structures. Reference were obtained by on 21 circular sample plots 7 m radius. mapping showed rate 97.3% 99.5% PLS scans lower diameter at breast height (dbh) threshold 10 cm. root mean square error (RMSE) best dbh five modeling approaches 3.13 cm 1.59 PLS. time approximately 7.51 min per plot; twice as long that but 2.5 times shorter than equipment. conclusion, proposed generally feasible achieves accurate precise stem counts efficient effort approaches. Along future technological developments, it expected other handheld devices integrated scanners will also be beyond iPad, which serve cost-efficient alternative solution approved relatively expensive TLS systems. Such development would mandatory broadly establish digital technology fully automated routines practice. Finally, high-level progress broader scientific community ecosystem monitoring, collection highly cloud no longer hindered financial burdens.

Language: Английский

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Close-Range Remote Sensing of Forests: The state of the art, challenges, and opportunities for systems and data acquisitions

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(3), P. 32 - 71

Published: June 16, 2022

Remote sensing-based forest investigation and monitoring have become more affordable applicable in the past few decades. The current bottleneck limiting practical use of vast volume remote sensing data lies lack affordable, reliable, detailed field references, which are required for necessary calibrations satellite aerial relevant allometric models. Conventional investigations mostly limited to a small scale, using quantity observations. Rapid development close-range has been witnessed during two decades, i.e., constant decrease costs, size, weight sensors; steady improvements availability, mobility, reliability platforms; progress computational capacity science. These advances paved way turning conventional expensive inefficient manual situ collections into efficient autonomous

Language: Английский

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Exploring artificial intelligence for applications of drones in forest ecology and management

Forest Ecology and Management, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 551, P. 121530 - 121530

Published: Nov. 9, 2023

This paper highlights the significance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in realm drone applications forestry. Drones have revolutionized various forest operations, and their role mapping, monitoring, inventory procedures is explored comprehensively. Leveraging advanced imaging technologies data processing techniques, drones enable real-time tracking changes forested landscapes, facilitating effective monitoring threats such as fire outbreaks pest infestations. They expedite by swiftly surveying large areas, providing precise on tree species identification, size estimation, health assessment, thus supporting informed decision-making sustainable management practices. Moreover, contribute to planting, pruning, harvesting, while reforestation efforts real-time. Wildlife also enhanced, aiding identification conservation concerns informing targeted strategies. offer a safer more efficient alternative search rescue operations within dense forests, reducing response time improving outcomes. Additionally, equipped with thermal cameras early detection wildfires, enabling timely response, mitigation, preservation efforts. The integration AI holds immense potential for enhancing forestry practices contributing land management. In future explainable (XAI) improves trust safety transparency decision-making, liability issues, operations. XAI facilitates better environmental impact analysis, If drone's can explain its actions, it will be easier understand why chose particular path or action, which could inform improvements.

Language: Английский

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Forest Inventory with Long Range and High-Speed Personal Laser Scanning (PLS) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Technology

Remote Sensing, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 1509 - 1509

Published: May 9, 2020

The use of new and modern sensors in forest inventory has become increasingly efficient. Nevertheless, the majority data are still collected manually, as part field surveys. reason for this is sometimes time-consuming incomplete acquisition with static terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). personal (PLS) can reduce these disadvantages. In study, we assess a scanner compare it TLS approach estimation tree position diameter wide range types structures. Traditionally used reference. A density-based algorithm finding developed. addition, several methods fitting compared. For circular sample plots maximum radius 20 m lower at breast height (dbh) threshold 5 cm, mapping showed detection 96% PLS 78.5% TLS. Using plot radii m, 15 10 well dbh respective rates were 98.76%, 98.95%, 99.48%, while those considerably (86.32%, 93.81%, 98.35%, respectively), especially larger plots. root mean square error (RMSE) best measurement was 2.32 cm (12.01%) 2.55 (13.19%) highest precision TLS, terms bias, 0.21 (1.09%) −0.74 (−3.83%), respectively. time took approximately 10.96 min per plot, 4.7 times faster than that We conclude proposed method capable efficient capture detect largest number trees sufficient accuracy.

Language: Английский

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Is field-measured tree height as reliable as believed – Part II, A comparison study of tree height estimates from conventional field measurement and low-cost close-range remote sensing in a deciduous forest

ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 169, P. 227 - 241

Published: Oct. 3, 2020

Tree height is one of the most important tree attributes in forest inventory. However, using conventional field methods to measure a laborious and time-consuming process. Despite great interest past facilitate measurements, new, upcoming solutions are not yet thoroughly investigated. In this study, we investigated applicability different close-range remote sensing options for measurement complex lowland deciduous forest. Six sample plots pedunculate oak were measured detail methods. Close-range datasets used study represent from low-cost sensors hand-held personal laser scanning (PLShh), unmanned–borne (ULS) unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry (UAVimage). Each was interactively directly point cloud, correspondence field- trees verified positions collected during fieldwork. Cross-comparisons performed evaluate performances data sources estimation with respect crown class, species. All correlated well, e.g. biases between around ± 1%. The field-measured general well sources. uncertainties bias measurements dependent on class. Field tended underestimate codominant intermediate at approximately 1 m magnitude, whilst robust classes. Low-cost ULS very likely general, may have enough penetration capability when measuring low mostly occluded trees, causing missed treetops. PLShh gave estimates closer real than those derived above 21 height.

Language: Английский

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Measuring Tree Height with Remote Sensing—A Comparison of Photogrammetric and LiDAR Data with Different Field Measurements

Forests, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(8), P. 694 - 694

Published: Aug. 16, 2019

We contribute to a better understanding of different remote sensing techniques for tree height estimation by comparing several both direct and indirect field measurements. From these comparisons, factors influencing the accuracy reliable measurements were identified. Different methods applied on same test site, varying sensor type, platform, flight parameters. implemented light detection ranging (LiDAR) photogrammetric aerial images received from unmanned vehicles (UAV), gyrocopter, aircraft. Field carried out indirectly using Vertex clinometer directly after felling tape measure trunks. Indirect resulted in an RMSE 1.02 m tend underestimate with systematic error −0.66 m. For derivation height, results varied 0.36 UAV-LiDAR data 2.89 acquired Measurements derived LiDAR higher heights, while tended be lower than When absolute orientation was appropriate, UAV-Camera as those UAV-LiDAR. With low altitudes, small camera lens angles, accurate orientation, accuracies individual heights could achieved. The study showed that can more traditional triangulation if aforementioned conditions are fulfilled.

Language: Английский

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Recent Advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Forest Remote Sensing—A Systematic Review. Part I: A General Framework

Forests, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 327 - 327

Published: March 11, 2021

Natural, semi-natural, and planted forests are a key asset worldwide, providing broad range of positive externalities. For sustainable forest planning management, remote sensing (RS) platforms rapidly going mainstream. In framework where scientific production is growing exponentially, systematic analysis unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based forestry research papers paramount importance to understand trends, overlaps gaps. The present review organized into two parts (Part I Part II). II inspects specific technical issues regarding the application UAV-RS in forestry, together with pros cons different UAV solutions activities additional effort needed, such as technology transfer. systematically analyzes discusses general aspects applying natural, semi-natural artificial ecosystems recent peer-reviewed literature (2018–mid-2020). goals threefold: (i) create carefully selected bibliographic dataset that other researchers can draw on for their works; (ii) analyze trends RS monitoring (iii) reveal gaps an activity needed. Through double-step filtering items found Web Science search engine, study gathers comprehensive (226 articles). Papers have been categorized six main topics, relevant information has subsequently extracted. strong points emerging from this concern wide topics sector particular retrieval tree inventory parameters often through Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (DAP), RGB sensors, machine learning techniques. Nevertheless, challenges still exist promotion world, mostly tropical equatorial forests. Much required full exploitation hyperspectral sensors long-term monitoring.

Language: Английский

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Recent Advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Forest Remote Sensing—A Systematic Review. Part II: Research Applications

Forests, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 397 - 397

Published: March 27, 2021

Forest sustainable management aims to maintain the income of woody goods for companies, together with preserving non-productive functions as a benefit community. Due progress in platforms and sensors opening dedicated market, unmanned aerial vehicle–remote sensing (UAV–RS) is improving its key role forestry sector tool management. The use UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) precision has exponentially increased recent years, demonstrated by more than 600 references published from 2018 until mid-2020 that were found Web Science database searching “UAV” + “forest”. This result even surprising when compared similar research “agriculture”, which emerge about 470 references. shows how UAV–RS gaining increasing popularity. In Part II this review, analyzing main findings reviewed papers (227), numerous strengths concerning technical issues. fully applicated obtaining accurate information practical parameters (height, diameter at breast height (DBH), biomass). Research effectiveness soundness demonstrate now ready be applied real context. Some critical issues barriers transferring products are also evident, namely, (1) hyperspectral poorly used, their novel applications should based on capability acquiring tree spectral signature especially pest diseases detection, (2) automatic processes image analysis flexible or proprietary software expense open-source tools can foster researcher activities support technology transfer among all stakeholders, (3) clear lack exist interoperability large-scale enabling data interoperability.

Language: Английский

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Earth Observation Based Monitoring of Forests in Germany: A Review

Remote Sensing, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(21), P. 3570 - 3570

Published: Oct. 31, 2020

Forests in Germany cover around 11.4 million hectares and, thus, a share of 32% Germany’s surface area. Therefore, forests shape the character country’s cultural landscape. fulfil variety functions for nature and society, also play an important role context climate levelling. Climate change, manifested via rising temperatures current weather extremes, has negative impact on health development forests. Within last five years, severe storms, extreme drought, heat waves, subsequent mass reproduction bark beetles have all seriously affected Facing dramatic extent forest damage emerging long-term consequences, effort to preserve Germany, along with their diversity productivity, is indispensable task government. Several German ministries plan initiate measures supporting health. Quantitative data one means sound decision-making ensure monitoring improve damage. In addition existing systems, such as federal inventory, national crown condition survey, soil systematic surveys vulnerability at scale can be expanded help satellite-based earth observation. this review, we analysed categorized research studies published 20 years that focus remote sensing Germany. For study, 166 citation indexed publications been thoroughly respect publication frequency, location undertaken, spatial temporal scale, coverage studies, satellite sensors employed, thematic foci overall outcomes, allowing us identify major geoinformation product gaps.

Language: Английский

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