National
soil
organic
carbon
(SOC)
maps
are
essential
to
improve
greenhouse
gas
accounting
and
support
climate-smart
agriculture.
Large-scale
SOC
models
based
on
wall-to-wall
information
from
remote
sensing
remain
a
challenge
due
the
high
diversity
of
natural
conditions
difficulty
for
spatial
location
samples.
In
this
study,
we
tested
if
implementation
local
ensemble
(LEM)
can
be
used
predictions
Landsat-based
reflectance
composites
(SRC)
Germany.
We
divided
research
area
into
30
times
km
tiles
calculated
generalized
linear
(GLM)
random,
nearby
observations.
Based
GLMs,
were
predicted
aggregated
using
moving
window
approach.
The
variable
importance
was
analyzed
identify
dependencies
in
correlation
between
SRC
SOC.
For
final
map,
Random
Forest
(RF)
model
trained
predictions,
SRC,
full
set
training
samples
agricultural
inventory.
results
show
that
LEM
able
accuracy
(R2
=
0.68;
RMSE
5.6
g
kg–1),
compared
single,
global
0.52;
6.8
kg–1).
spectral
bands
showed
clear
patterns
throughout
area.
Differences
explained
by
conditions,
influencing
properties.
Compared
widely
adopted
integration
distance
covariates
such
as
geographical
coordinates,
reduce
autocorrelation
greater
extent
prediction
accuracy,
especially
underrepresented
values.
presents
new
method
account
increase
interpretability
DSM
models.
Geoderma,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
444, P. 116850 - 116850
Published: March 19, 2024
National
soil
organic
carbon
(SOC)
maps
are
essential
to
improve
greenhouse
gas
accounting
and
support
climate-smart
agriculture.
Large-scale
SOC
models
based
on
wall-to-wall
information
from
remote
sensing
remain
a
challenge
due
the
high
diversity
of
natural
conditions
difficulty
for
spatial
location
samples.
In
this
study,
we
tested
if
implementation
local
ensemble
(LEM)
can
be
used
predictions
Landsat-based
reflectance
composites
(SRC)
Germany.
For
this,
divided
research
area
into
30
times
km
tiles
calculated
generalized
linear
(GLM)
random,
nearby
observations.
Based
GLMs,
were
predicted
aggregated
using
moving
window
approach.
The
variable
importance
was
analyzed
identify
dependencies
in
correlation
between
SRC
SOC.
final
map,
Random
Forest
(RF)
model
trained
predictions,
SRC,
full
set
training
samples
agricultural
inventory.
results
show
that
LEM
able
accuracy
(R2
=
0.68;
RMSE
5.6
g
kg−1),
compared
single,
global
0.52;
6.8
kg−1).
spectral
bands
showed
clear
patterns
throughout
area.
Differences
explained
by
conditions,
influencing
properties.
Compared
widely
adopted
integration
distance
covariates
such
as
geographical
coordinates,
reduce
autocorrelation
greater
extent
prediction
accuracy,
especially
underrepresented
values.
presents
new
method
integrate
increase
interpretability
DSM
models.
Agriculture,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(7), P. 1005 - 1005
Published: June 26, 2024
This
review
focuses
on
digital
soil
organic
carbon
(SOC)
mapping
at
regional
or
national
scales
in
spatial
resolutions
up
to
1
km
using
open
data
remote
sensing
sources,
emphasizing
its
importance
achieving
United
Nations’
Sustainable
Development
Goals
(SDGs)
related
hunger,
climate
action,
and
land
conservation.
The
literature
was
performed
according
scientific
studies
indexed
the
Web
of
Science
Core
Collection
database
since
2000.
analysis
reveals
a
steady
rise
total
2000,
with
SOC
accounting
for
over
20%
these
2023,
among
which
SDGs
2
(Zero
Hunger)
13
(Climate
Action)
were
most
represented.
Notably,
countries
like
States,
China,
Germany,
Iran
lead
research.
shift
towards
machine
deep
learning
methods
has
surged
post-2010,
necessitating
environmental
covariates
topography,
climate,
spectral
data,
are
cornerstones
prediction
methods.
It
noted
that
available
primarily
restrict
resolution
km,
typically
requires
downscaling
harmonize
topography
(up
30
m)
multispectral
10–30
m).
Future
directions
include
integration
diverse
development
advanced
algorithms
leveraging
learning,
utilization
high-resolution
more
precise
mapping.
Sustainability,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(13), P. 5592 - 5592
Published: June 29, 2024
Soil
organic
carbon
(SOC)
assessment
is
crucial
for
evaluating
soil
health
and
supporting
sequestration
efforts.
Traditional
methods
like
wet
digestion
dry
combustion
are
time-consuming
labor-intensive,
necessitating
the
development
of
non-destructive,
cost-efficient,
real-time
in
situ
measurements.
This
review
focuses
on
handheld
methodologies
SOC
estimation,
underscoring
their
practicality
reasonable
accuracy.
Spectroscopic
techniques,
visible
near-infrared,
mid-infrared,
laser-induced
breakdown
spectroscopy,
inelastic
neutron
scattering
each
offer
unique
advantages.
Preprocessing
such
as
external
parameter
orthogonalization
standard
normal
variate,
employed
to
eliminate
moisture
content
particle
size
effects
estimation.
Calibration
methods,
partial
least
squares
regression
support
vector
machine,
establish
relationships
between
spectral
reflectance,
properties,
SOC.
Among
32
studies
selected
this
review,
14
exhibited
a
coefficient
determination
(R2)
0.80
or
higher,
indicating
potential
accurate
estimation
using
approaches.
Each
study
meticulously
adjusted
factors
range,
pretreatment
method,
calibration
model
improve
accuracy
content,
highlighting
both
methodological
diversity
continuous
pursuit
precision
direct
field
Continued
research
validation
imperative
ensure
across
diverse
environments.
Thus,
underscores
devices
with
good
leveraging
that
influence
its
precision.
Crucial
optimizing
farming,
these
measurements,
empowering
land
managers
enhance
promote
sustainable
management
agricultural
landscapes.
Remote Sensing,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
17(8), P. 1363 - 1363
Published: April 11, 2025
Accurate
mapping
of
soil
organic
carbon
(SOC)
supports
sustainable
land
management
practices
and
accounting
initiatives
for
mitigating
climate
change
impacts.
This
study
presents
a
novel
meta-learner
framework
that
combines
multiple
machine
learning
algorithms
spectra
processing
to
optimize
SOC
prediction
using
the
PRISMA
hyperspectral
satellite
imagery
in
Doukkala
plain
Morocco.
The
employs
two-layer
structure
models.
first
layer
consists
Random
Forest
(RF),
Support
Vector
Regression
(SVR),
Partial
Least
Squares
(PLSR).
These
base
models
were
configured
data
smoothing,
transformation,
spectral
feature
selection
techniques,
based
on
70/30%
split.
second
utilizes
ridge
regression
model
as
integrate
predictions
from
Results
indicated
RF
SVR
performance
improved
primarily
with
selection,
while
PLSR
was
most
influenced
by
smoothing.
approach
outperformed
individual
models,
achieving
an
average
relative
improvement
48.8%
over
single
R2
0.65,
RMSE
0.194%,
RPIQ
2.247.
contributes
development
methodologies
predicting
properties
data.
Land,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
12(9), P. 1680 - 1680
Published: Aug. 28, 2023
A
comprehensive
understanding
of
soil
salinity
distribution
in
arid
regions
is
essential
for
making
informed
decisions
regarding
agricultural
suitability,
water
resource
management,
and
land
use
planning.
methodology
was
developed
to
identify
Sudan
by
utilizing
optical
radar-based
satellite
data
as
well
variables
obtained
from
digital
elevation
models
that
are
known
indicate
variations
salinity.
The
includes
the
transfer
areas
where
similar
conditions
prevail.
geographically
coordinated
database
established,
incorporating
a
variety
environmental
based
on
Google
Earth
Engine
(GEE)
Electrical
Conductivity
(EC)
measurements
saturation
extract
samples
collected
at
three
different
depths
(0–30,
30–60,
60–90
cm).
Thereafter,
Multinomial
Logistic
Regression
(MNLR)
Gradient
Boosting
Algorithm
(GBM),
were
utilized
spatially
classify
levels
region.
To
determine
applicability
model
trained
reference
site
target
area,
Multivariate
Environmental
Similarity
Surface
(MESS)
analysis
conducted.
producer’s
accuracy,
user’s
Tau
index
parameters
used
evaluate
model’s
spatial
confusion
indices
computed
assess
uncertainty.
At
depths,
values
area
ranged
0.38
0.77,
whereas
0.66
0.88,
decreasing
depth
increased.
Clay
normalized
ratio
(CLNR),
Salinity
Index
1,
SAR
important
modeling.
It
found
subsoils
middle
northwest
both
had
higher
level
compared
topsoil.
This
study
highlighted
effectiveness
means
identifying
evaluating
management
facing
significant
salinity-related
challenges.
approach
can
be
instrumental
alternative
suitable
activities
regional
level.
Land,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
12(4), P. 819 - 819
Published: April 3, 2023
Cation
exchange
capacity
(CEC)
is
a
soil
property
that
significantly
determines
nutrient
availability
and
effectiveness
of
fertilizer
applied
in
lands
under
different
managements.
CEC’s
accurate
high-resolution
spatial
information
needed
for
the
sustainability
agricultural
management
on
farms
Nagaland
state
(northeast
India)
which
are
fragmented
intertwined
with
forest
ecosystem.
The
current
study
digital
mapping
(DSM)
methodology,
based
CEC
values
determined
samples
obtained
from
305
points
region,
mountainous
difficult
to
access.
Firstly,
auxiliary
data
were
three
open-access
sources,
including
indices
generated
time
series
Landsat
8
OLI
satellite,
topographic
variables
derived
elevation
model
(DEM),
WorldClim
dataset.
Furthermore,
used
Lasso
regression
(LR),
stochastic
gradient
boosting
(GBM),
support
vector
(SVR),
random
(RF),
K-nearest
neighbors
(KNN)
machine
learning
(ML)
algorithms
systematically
compared
R-Core
Environment
Program.
Model
performance
evaluated
square
root
mean
error
(RMSE),
determination
coefficient
(R2),
absolute
(MAE)
10-fold
cross-validation
(CV).
lowest
RMSE
was
by
RF
algorithm
4.12
cmolc
kg−1,
while
others
following
order:
SVR
(4.27
kg−1)
<KNN
(4.45
<LR
(4.67
<GBM
(5.07
kg−1).
In
particular,
WorldClim-based
climate
covariates
such
as
annual
temperature
(BIO-1),
precipitation
(BIO-12),
elevation,
solar
radiation
most
important
all
algorithms.
High
uncertainty
(SD)
have
been
found
areas
low
sampling
density
this
finding
be
considered
future
surveys.