ABSTRACT
Heavy
metals
have
been
classified
as
dangerous
environmental
pollutants.
Interest
in
feasible
ways
to
reduce
heavy
pollution
is
a
noble
goal.
Adsorption
an
effective
method
based
on
its
effectiveness
and
low-
cost.
Nowadays,
low-cost
bio-sorbents
utilized
replace
costly
expensive
adsorbents.
Rich
cellulose
materials
are
metal
adsorbents,
their
performance
can
be
enhanced
via
chemical
modification.
The
present
work
reviews
the
steady
progress
utilization
of
agriculture
by-product
wastes
bio-sorbent.
unique
advantages
these
by-products
such
renewability,
abundance,
simple
processing,
low
cost,
justifier
this
work.
results
confirm
that
chemically
treated
agro-wastes
exhibit
high-
removal
efficiency
(reaches
95%
most
cases).
adsorption
isotherm
studies
indicate
concentration
ions
has
significant
effect
process.
Freundlich
model
provides
physical
bio-sorbent
surface.
Langmuir
offers
estimate
different
factors
kinetics
offer
idea
reaction
pathways
including
mechanism
ion
removal.
Applying
pseudo-first-order
pseudo-second-order
models
describes
kinetics.
This
information
developing
strategies
remove
using
agro-waste.
data
confirmed
modification
parameter
feasibility
cellulosic
should
given
attention
encouraged.
Molecules,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(10), P. 4129 - 4129
Published: May 16, 2023
This
study
reports
the
valorization
of
pistachio
shell
agricultural
waste,
aiming
to
develop
an
eco-friendly
and
cost-effective
biosorbent
for
cationic
brilliant
green
(BG)
dye
adsorption
from
aqueous
media.
Pistachio
shells
were
mercerized
in
alkaline
environment,
resulting
treated
adsorbent
(PSNaOH).
The
morphological
structural
features
analyzed
using
scanning
electron
microscopy,
Fourier
transform
infrared
spectroscopy,
polarized
light
microscopy.
pseudo-first-order
(PFO)
kinetic
model
best
described
kinetics
BG
onto
PSNaOH
biosorbents.
In
turn,
equilibrium
data
fitted
Sips
isotherm
model.
maximum
capacity
decreased
with
temperature
(from
52.42
mg/g
at
300
K
46.42
330
K).
parameters
indicated
improved
affinity
between
surface
molecules
lower
temperatures
(300
thermodynamic
estimated
on
basis
two
approaches
a
spontaneous
(ΔG
<
0)
exothermic
(ΔH
process.
design
experiments
(DoE)
response
methodology
(RSM)
employed
establish
optimal
conditions
(sorbent
dose
(SD)
=
4.0
g/L
initial
concentration
(C0)
10.1
mg/L),
yielding
removal
efficiency
98.78%.
Molecular
docking
simulations
performed
disclose
intermolecular
interactions
lignocellulose-based
adsorbent.
Molecules,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(11), P. 4426 - 4426
Published: May 29, 2023
Phosphoric
acid-activated
biochar
has
been
proven
to
be
a
promising
adsorbent
for
pollutant
removal
in
an
aqueous
solution.
It
is
urgent
understand
how
surface
adsorption
and
intra-particle
diffusion
synergistically
contribute
the
kinetic
process
of
dyes.
In
this
work,
we
prepared
series
PPC
adsorbents
(PPCs)
from
red-pulp
pomelo
peel
under
different
pyrolysis
temperatures
(150–350
°C),
which
have
broad
specific
area
range
3.065
m2/g
1274.577
m2/g.
The
active
sites
on
PPCs
shown
change
laws
decreasing
hydroxyl
groups
increasing
phosphate
ester
occurring
as
temperature
rises.
Both
reaction
models
(PFO
PSO
models)
(intra-particle
applied
simulate
experimental
data
verify
hypothesis
deduced
Elovich
model.
PPC-300
exhibits
highest
capacity
MB
(423
mg/g)
given
conditions.
Due
its
large
quantities
external
internal
surfaces
(1274.577
m2/g),
fast
equilibrium
can
achieved
within
60
min
(with
initial
concentration
100
ppm).
PPC-350
also
exhibit
intra-particle-diffusion-controlled
with
low
(100
ppm)
or
at
very
beginning
final
stage
high
(300
40
°C,
considering
that
likely
hindered
by
adsorbate
molecules
through
pore
channels
middle
these
cases.
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 26, 2025
Abstract
The
consumption
of
vegetables
generates
a
lot
waste,
allowing
their
use
as
biomass.
biosorbent
based
on
turnip
leaves
were
prepared;
they
processed
in
the
raw
state
(TL)
and
activated
with
H
3
PO
4
(TLA),
then
tested
to
remove
Crystal
Violet
dye
CV
from
aqueous
solutions.
Adsorbents
characterized
using
(FTIR),
(SEM),
(XRD),
(TGA)
pH
PZC
,
revealing
that
functional
groups
OH,
C-H,
C=O
C-O-C
mainly
responsible
for
adsorption
CV.
Scanning
electron
microscope
(SEM)
imaging
revealed
cellulose
fibers
multicellular
structure
initially
linked
lignin
hemicellulose,
which
dissociated
after
chemical
treatment,
XRD
analysis
confirmed
amorphous
nature
structure,
attributed
presence
hemicellulose.
kinetic
study
showed
best
suited
models
describe
experimental
data
pseudo-second-order
(PSO)
model
TLA
TL.
isotherms
different
followed
Sips
isotherm
maximum
capacity
(qmax)
635.54
mg/g
TL
621.76
TLA.
optimal
conditions
found
be
an
adsorbent
mass
20
mg,
temperature
25
°C.
concentration
10
mg/L
respective
contact
times
150
min
120
TLA,
leading
elimination
yields
92.60
%
97.56
%.
mechanism
could
explained
by
electrostatic
interactions
between
negatively
charged
surface
positively
group
dye.
A
thermodynamic
was
carried
out
process
solutions
this
exothermic
spontaneous
due
approximate
values
ΔH
(−25.26
−20.69
TLA)
ΔG.
predictive
multi-component
system
studied
Support
Vector
Machine
(SVM)
model.
Two
SVM
approaches
developed
compared.
first
involved
method
integrated
optimization
algorithm,
while
second
used
more
recent
efficient
method,
Dragonfly
(DA)
conjunction
method.
evaluation
accuracy
three
commonly
statistical
measures:
mean
squared
error
(RMSE),
coefficient
determination
(R2)
correlation
(R).
included
five
important
variables,
136
observations:
weight
(TL
or
TLA),
initial
(c
0
mg/L),
dose
foliar
waste
(in
time
minutes)
final
(Cf).
programming
MATLAB
software.
results
demonstrated
DA-SVM
optimized
RBF-Gaussian
kernel
function
had
excellent
prediction
ability,
R2
0.997,
R
0.998
RMSE
1.0809.
