Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Animals, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(9), P. 1372 - 1372

Published: May 2, 2024

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally causing substantial economic losses the poultry industry agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013–2014, Asian-origin H5 pathogenic avian (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution reassortment internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, now is widespread wild migratory waterfowl, spreading Asia, Europe, Africa, Americas. Wild natural reservoir LPAIVs generally more resistant disease, also manifested high with HPAIV 2.3.4.4b. This caused overt clinical signs mass variety mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, others. Most notably, recent outbreaks dairy cattle were associated emergence critical mutations related adaptation, raising concerns about possibility jumping acquisition sustained human-to-human transmission. The main anatomopathological findings virus infection birds non-human mammals hereby summarized.

Language: Английский

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Continuous Introduction of H5 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Hokkaido, Japan: Characterization of Viruses Isolated in Winter 2022–2023 and Early Winter 2023–2024

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2024(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) has impacted poultry and wild birds globally. The number of H5 HPAI virus (HPAIV) infection cases in Hokkaido (Northern Japan) was high the last two seasons, contributing to spillover resident poultry. Therefore, HPAIVs mammals winter 2022–2023 2023–2024 were monitored viruses phylogenetically, antigenically, pathogenetically characterized. Thirty HPAIV isolates subtyped pathotyped by sequencing hemagglutinin (HA) gene viruses. Phylogenetic analysis HA revealed that all isolated categorized into clade 2.3.4.4b divided three groups (G2b, G2c, G2d). Most belonging subgroup G2d clustered with 2021–2022 Hokkaido. other subgroups, G2b mainly composed Honshu Island 2022–2023, respectively. Two Eastern Russia spring autumn 2022 genetically close most (G2d), a November 2023 also grouped G2d. Further eight segments identified six types constellations. Cross‐hemagglutination inhibition test indicated antigenicity several seasons similar within them but slightly different from 2010s. Three chicken breeds intranasally challenged four representative assess their pathogenicity. All chickens except one broiler dead until 5‐day postchallenge these strain significantly lower than layer chickens. mixture multiple characteristics confirmed bird migration routes. Thus, many can be brought scattered anywhere on Earth.

Language: Английский

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Genetic diversity of H5N1 and H5N2 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Japan during the winter of 2022–2023

Virus Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 347, P. 199425 - 199425

Published: June 24, 2024

High pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5N1 and H5N2 subtypes were responsible for 84 HPAI outbreaks on poultry premises in Japan during October 2022-April 2023. The number winter 2022-2023 is largest ever reported Japan. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analyses using full genetic sequences HPAIVs isolated those obtained from a public database to identify their origin. Based hemagglutinin genes, these classified into G2 group clade 2.3.4.4b, whose ancestors H5 that circulated Europe late 2020, then further divided three subgroups (G2b, G2d, G2c). Approximately one-third G2b G2d groups, which also included detected 2021-2022. contrast, remaining two-thirds G2c group, originated Asian countries Russia Unlike viruses, first fall 2022. Importantly, caused throughout over longest period season. Phylogenetic eight segment genes revealed G2b, 2, 4, 11 genotypes, respectively, because they have various internal closely related wild birds recent years Asia, Russia, North America, respectively. These results suggest disseminated among migratory birds, may generated numerous reassortant with gene constellations, resulting considerable 2022-2023.

Language: Английский

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Genetics of H5N1 and H5N8 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Japan in Winter 2021–2022

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(3), P. 358 - 358

Published: Feb. 26, 2024

In winter 2021–2022, H5N1 and H5N8 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (HPAIVs) caused serious outbreaks in Japan: 25 of HPAI at poultry farms 107 cases wild birds or the environment. Phylogenetic analyses divided H5 HPAIVs isolated Japan 2021–2022 into three groups—G2a, G2b, G2d—which were disseminated different locations times. Full-genome sequencing these revealed a strong relationship multiple genes between Siberia, suggesting that they arose from reassortment events with (AIVs) Siberia. The results emphasize complex dissemination movement migratory birds, importance continual monitoring AIVs Siberia for early alerts to intrusion HPAIVs.

Language: Английский

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Isolation and genetic characterization of multiple genotypes of both H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses from environmental water in the Izumi plain, Kagoshima prefecture, Japan during the 2021/22 winter season

Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 109, P. 102182 - 102182

Published: April 15, 2024

In the 2021/22 winter, one H5N1 and nine H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of clade 2.3.3.4b were isolated from water in crane roosts on Izumi plain, Japan. Additionally, we low (LPAIVs) five subtypes: H1N1, H4N2, H4N6, H7N7, H10N4. HPAIVs belonging to G2a group throughout whereas HPAIV G2b only early winter. These findings suggest co-circulation both Although two H7N7 LPAIVs cranes' roost collected same day, gene constellations isolates clearly different, indicating contemporary invasion at least different genotypes plain. This study underscores importance monitoring understand virus ecology migratory waterfowl populations.

Language: Английский

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Blowflies are potential vector for avian influenza virus at enzootic area in Japan

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: May 4, 2024

Abstract High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) poses a significant threat to both domestic and wild birds globally. The virus, known for environmental contamination subsequent oral infection in birds, necessitates careful consideration of alternative introduction routes during HPAI outbreaks. This study focuses on blowflies (genus Calliphora ), particular nigribarbis , attracted decaying animals feces, which migrate lowland areas Japan from northern or mountainous regions early winter, coinciding with season. Our investigation aims delineate the role as vectors by conducting virus prevalence survey bird HPAI-enzootic area. In December 2022, 648 were collected. Influenza RT-PCR testing identified 14 virus-positive samples (2.2% prevalence), highest occurrence observed near crane colony (14.9%). Subtyping revealed presence H5N1 HxN1 some samples. Subsequent collections 2023 one specimen 608 collected flies total, underscoring potential involvement transmission. observations suggest C. may acquire deceased directly fecal materials infected highlighting need add target vector control.

Language: Английский

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Long-term immune responses induced by low-dose infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses can protect mallards from reinfection with a heterologous strain

Archives of Virology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 170(2)

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Migratory water birds are considered to be carriers of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In Japan, mallards often observed during winter, and HPAIV-infected shed asymptomatically. this study, we focused on as potential HPAIVs investigated whether individual wild repeatedly infected with act HPAIV multiple times within a season. Mallards were experimentally H5N1 H5N8 that isolated recently in Japan phylogenetically belong different hemagglutinin groups (G2a, G2b, G2d). All these strains more infectious than chickens, the enough virus infect others, regardless they exhibited clinical signs. Serum antibodies homologous antigen, induced by single infection low dose (10 50% mallard dose), maintained at detectable levels for 84 days. Immunity days post-inoculation fully protected from challenge strain, demonstrated lack viral shedding, antibody did not increase significantly most birds. Protection against heterologous was also despite undetectable strain. Our findings suggest repeated infections do occur frequently season, particularly doses, frequency which may limited.

Language: Английский

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journey of the avian influenza virus H5N1 through 30 years of evolutionary events, geographical locations, and animal species

International Journal of Health Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. 89 - 108

Published: Jan. 22, 2025

Influenza viruses have caused outbreaks and pandemics throughout human history until Covid-19 been considered the group of with largest potential for pandemics. Avian influenza cause zoonotic diseases, including birds, mammals, humans. This review focuses on H5N1 because it is highly pathogenic generated most common clades among current ones (e.g. 2.3.4.4). Since first goose that was infected in Guangdong, China by A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) 1996, has undergone many events reassortment other accumulated amino acid substitutions 10 proteins are encoded genome. The will follow through examples such evolutionary permitted virus to spread across world, as well animal species. Hallmark mutations permit or prevent selective binding receptors bird mammal host cells be identified. journey NorthAtlantic fly way from Europe North South America, culminating reported death United States explained. concludes state vaccines anti-virals an assessment author situation.

Language: Английский

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Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses in Avian and Murine Models

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 149 - 149

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

The evolution and adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses pose ongoing challenges for animal public health. We investigated the characteristics newly emerged H5N1/2022 H5N8/2022 clade 2.3.4.4b compared to previously circulating H5N1/2016 2.2.1.2 in Egypt using both murine models. All strains demonstrated a 100% mortality chickens after intranasal inoculation (106 EID50), while strain showing significantly higher viral shedding (8.34 ± 0.55 log10 EID50). Contact transmission rates varied between (50% clade). In mouse model, infection resulted an 80% rate with significant weight loss virus replication organs. contrast, had 60% 40% rates, respectively. An histopathological analysis revealed pronounced lesions tissues infected mice, most severe found group. These findings suggest decreased pathogenicity newer H5Nx mammalian models, emphasizing need continued surveillance adaptive control strategies.

Language: Английский

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Pathogenic and Antigenic Analyses of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in the 2022/2023 Season From Poultry Farms in Izumi City, Japan

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 2025(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

During the winter of 2022/2023, Japan experienced its largest outbreak high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), affecting 84 poultry premises. In this study, we investigated and antigenicity A/chicken/Kagoshima/22A1T/2022 (Kagoshima/22A1T), a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus belonging to G2b group. It was isolated from farm in Izumi City, where number consecutive cases recorded. The 50% lethal dose, mean death time (MDT), amount shed, transmissibility chickens Kagoshima/22A1T were similar those A/chicken/Kagoshima/21A6T/2022 (Kagoshima/21A6T), previous season’s isolate same group, indicating that their pathogenicities comparable. However, these isolates differed according hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test results. We found amino acid substitutions residues 189 193, corresponding antigenic site B H3 HA1 subunit, could have an impact on HI cross‐reactivity Kagoshima/21A6T. This study provides important insights into factors contributing HPAI outbreaks farms City during 2022/2023 season prediction changes group viruses.

Language: Английский

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