Veterinary medicine and science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Nov. 27, 2024
The
relationship
among
microbes,
animals,
and
humans
often
manifests
as
zoonotic,
anthropo-zoonotic,
or
sylvatic
infections.
Infections
transmitted
from
animals
to
are
considered
zoonotic
cause
outbreaks
of
diseases,
epidemics,
even
pandemics.
battle
for
survival
between
microbes
mammalian
species
has
been
occurring
throughout
all
documented
human
history.
control,
de-escalation,
deceleration
the
spread
these
diseases
hinges
upon
detection
infectious
agents.
diagnostic
tests
detect
monitor
agents
have
evolved
biomedical
Infectious
disease
diagnosis
in
past
decades
improved
by
combining
physical
examination,
microbiology,
immunology,
molecular
tests.
This
chapter
highlights
characteristics
their
clinical
presentation,
laboratory
tests,
use
multi-omics,
other
attributes
diagnostics.
Vaccines,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
12(5), P. 485 - 485
Published: May 1, 2024
West
Nile
virus
(WNV)
is
capable
of
causing
severe
neurologic
disease
in
both
humans
and
equines,
making
it
a
importance
human
medicine
veterinary
medicine.
No
targeted
treatments
exist
for
WNV
infection
either
or
equines.
Infection
treated
symptomatically
through
management
symptoms
like
fever
seizures.
As
treatment
purely
supportive,
the
response
to
has
focused
primarily
on
methods
prevention.
To
this
end,
research
efforts
have
yielded
several
effective
vaccines
equine
use
as
well
numerous
conventional
mosquito
control
techniques.
Even
with
implementation
these
techniques,
caused
by
remains
concern
since
no
vaccine
exists.
Due
lack
vaccine,
novel
preventative
strategies
are
under
active
development.
Of
strategies,
some
most
conceptually
promising
techniques
using
genetically
modified
mosquitoes,
addressing
at
vector
level
minimal
ecological
side
effects.
Taken
together,
combined,
synergistic
methods,
such
physical
barriers,
transgenic
immunological
targets,
will
be
best
way
prevent
disease.
Viruses,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(5), P. 781 - 781
Published: May 14, 2024
Humans
and
equines
are
two
dead-end
hosts
of
the
mosquito-borne
West
Nile
virus
(WNV)
with
similar
susceptibility
pathogenesis.
Since
introduction
WNV
vaccines
into
equine
populations
United
States
America
(USA)
in
late
2002,
there
have
been
only
sporadic
cases
infection
equines.
These
generally
attributed
to
unvaccinated
under-vaccinated
In
contrast,
due
lack
a
human
vaccine,
humans
remained
steadily
high.
An
average
115
deaths
reported
per
year
USA
since
first
case
1999.
Therefore,
characterization
protective
immune
responses
identification
correlates
protection
vaccinated
will
provide
new
fundamental
information
about
successful
development
evaluation
humans.
This
review
discusses
comparative
epidemiology,
transmission,
disease,
clinical
manifestation
pathogenesis,
Furthermore,
prophylactic
therapeutic
strategies
that
currently
available
under
described.
addition,
vaccination
against
potential
lessons
for
vaccine
discussed.
Veterinary Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(5), P. 209 - 209
Published: May 9, 2024
The
aim
of
this
study
was
to
analyze
the
seroprevalence
West
Nile
virus
(WNV)
among
equids
in
Bulgaria,
confirm
results
a
competitive
ELISA
versus
neutralization
test
(VNT)
and
investigate
some
predisposing
factors
for
WNV
seropositivity.
A
total
378
serum
samples
from
15
provinces
northern
southern
Bulgaria
were
tested.
originated
314
horses
64
donkeys,
135
males
243
females,
aged
1
30
years.
IgG
IgM
antibodies
against
protein
E
detected
by
ELISA.
ELISA-positive
additionally
tested
via
VNT
Usutu
virus.
Thirty-five
WNV-positive
(9.26%
[CI
=
6.45–12.88]),
which
confirmed
VNT;
hence,
3.97%
(CI
2.22–6.55).
No
virus-neutralizing
35
WNV-ELISA-positive
Bulgaria.
When
compared
with
VNT,
showed
100.0%
sensitivity
94.5%
specificity.
statistical
analysis
that
risk
associated
seropositivity
region
(p
<
0.0001),
altitude
locality
type
housing
0.0001)
breed
0.0365).
demonstrate,
albeit
indirectly,
circulates
indicating
they
could
be
suitable
sentinel
animals
predicting
human
cases
determining
these
areas
or
regions
country.
Frontiers in Virology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
5
Published: Jan. 28, 2025
Climate
change
heavily
threatens
planetary
and
human
health.
Arboviral
infections
are
best
studied
using
the
One
Health
concept,
due
to
their
reliance
on
complex
interactions
between
environmental
factors,
arthropod
vectors
vertebrate
hosts.
This
review
focuses
two
arboviruses,
namely
West
Nile
Virus
(WNV)
Usutu
(USUV),
both
causing
emerging
public
health
issues
in
northern
Europe.
They
maintained
an
enzootic
cycle
involving
birds
Culex
spp
mosquitoes.
WNV
has
demonstrated
its
sensitivity
consequences
of
climate
there
is
already
evidence
that
global
warming
contributes
expansion
Future
indigenous
transmission
Europe
therefore
plausible.
a
lesser
known
arbovirosis,
sharing
similar
hosts
as
WNV.
USUV
geographic
WNV,
exhibiting
some
level
co-circulation.
It
crucial
monitor
these
viruses
hitherto
relatively
spared
regions
Veterinary Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
12(3), P. 288 - 288
Published: March 19, 2025
West
Nile
virus
(WNV)
is
an
important
zoonotic
pathogen
belonging
to
the
Flaviviridae
family,
which
endemic
in
some
areas
and
emerging
others.
WNV
transmitted
by
blood-sucking
mosquitoes
of
genus
Culicoides,
Aedes,
Anopheles,
infection
can
cause
different
clinical
symptoms.
The
most
common
benign
illness
humans
fever
(WNF),
but
a
lethal
neurological
disease
(WNND),
related
neuro-invasiveness
lineage
2,
represents
highest
health
risk
infection.
neuro-clinical
form
recognized
mammals
(land
cetaceans),
particularly
(elderly
or
immunosuppressed)
horses,
avian
species,
wildlife
animals
ranging
free
zoological
setting.
This
review
highlights
relevant
data
regarding
epidemiology,
virology,
pathogenesis
immunity,
signs
differential
diagnosis,
pathology
imaging,
histopathology
gross
pathology,
economic
impact,
influence
climate
change,
surveillance
WNV.
Climate
change
has
favored
wide
spread
many
globe
consequent
One-Health
Eco-Health
emergencies,
influencing
human
beings,
animals,
ecosystems.
Parasites & Vectors,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(1)
Published: April 9, 2025
Abstract
Mosquito-borne
diseases
(MBDs)
are
increasingly
prevalent
due
to
the
resultant
impact
of
global
change
with
significant
health
and
economic
impacts
worldwide.
Dengue
virus
(DENV),
chikungunya
(CHIKV),
Zika
(ZIKV),
yellow
fever
(YFV),
Japanese
encephalitis
(JEV),
West
Nile
(WNV)
transmitted
by
Aedes
Culex
species
have
been
identified
as
arboviruses
public
interest.
The
vertical
transmission
(VT)
refers
process
where
infected
mosquitoes
transmit
viruses
their
offspring;
this
has
often
overlooked
in
MBD
epidemiology.
We
conducted
a
systematic
review
evaluate
role
VT
occurrence,
prevalence,
spread
MBDs,
focusing
on
study
types,
mosquito
species,
genera.
In
total,
73
studies
from
2005
2024
relating
population
were
reviewed.
Findings
revealed
occurrence
across
multiple
natural
experimental
settings,
variation
rates
depending
vector
genus,
location.
aegypti
,
albopictus
vexans
pipiens
tarsalis
quinquefasciatus
that
support
VT,
while
pathogens
be
vertically
DENV,
ZIKV,
WNV,
CHIKV,
YFV,
Sindbis
(SINV),
Ross
River
(RRV),
Mayaro
(MAYV).
reported
minimum,
infection
rate
(MIR)
varied
type
Also,
high
may
precede
mosquito-borne
disease
outbreak.
These
findings
indicate
though
overlooked,
contributes
dynamics
could
influence
outbreaks
endemism,
especially
under
changing
climatic
conditions,
highlighting
need
for
incorporating
mathematical
models,
studies,
control
strategies
understand
given
its
potential
sustaining
arbovirus
influencing
outbreak
dynamics.
Graphical
abstract
Veterinary Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
55(1)
Published: March 16, 2024
Abstract
Outbreaks
of
West
Nile
virus
(WNV)
occur
periodically,
affecting
both
human
and
equine
populations.
There
are
no
vaccines
for
humans,
those
commercialised
horses
do
not
have
sufficient
coverage.
Specific
antiviral
treatments
exist.
Many
drug
discovery
studies
been
conducted,
but
since
rodent
or
primate
cell
lines
normally
used,
results
cannot
always
be
transposed
to
horses.
is
thus
a
need
develop
relevant
cellular
models.
Here,
we
used
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
new
in
vitro
model
WNV-infected
brain
suitable
microplate
assay,
assessed
the
cytotoxicity
activity
forty-one
chemical
compounds.
We
found
that
one
nucleoside
analog,
2′C-methylcytidine,
blocked
WNV
infection
cells,
whereas
other
compounds
were
either
toxic
ineffective,
despite
some
displaying
anti-viral
lines.
also
revealed
an
unexpected
proviral
effect
statins
cells.
Our
identify
potential
lead
future
development
underscore
importance
using
tissue-
species-relevant
assessing
this
paper
offers
an
Early
Detection
of
West
Nile
Virus
(WNV)
through
a
highly
dense
Time
series
analysis
(TSA)
framework.
The
take
look
employs
sophisticated
time-various
characteristic
selection
method
on
two
epidemiological
surveillance
datasets,
one
from
the
United
States
and
Canada,
for
early
detection
WNV.
A
local
Outlier
thing
(LOF)
primarily
based
anomaly
technique
is
mainly
used
as
basis
TSA
Outcomes
showed
that
framework
can
efficaciously
hit
upon
upsurge
in
WNV
cases
with
quick
latency.
version
also
correctly
pick
out
at
least
90%
instances,
precision
95%,
indicating
its
accuracy
detection.
gives
public
fitness
network
more
reliable
may
aid
outbreaks
facilitate
efficiently
figuring
cases.
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
88(3)
Published: June 24, 2024
SUMMARY
Several
examples
of
high-impact
cross-species
transmission
newly
emerging
or
re-emerging
bat-borne
viruses,
such
as
Sudan
virus,
Nipah
and
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2,
have
occurred
in
the
past
decades.
Recent
advancements
next-generation
sequencing
strengthened
ongoing
efforts
to
catalog
global
virome,
particular
from
multitude
different
bat
species.
However,
functional
characterization
these
novel
viruses
virus
sequences
is
typically
limited
with
regard
assessment
their
potential.
Our
understanding
intricate
interplay
between
host
underlying
successful
has
focused
on
basic
mechanisms
entry
replication,
well
importance
innate
immune
responses.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
various
roles
respective
molecular
using
recent
examples.
To
delineate
crucial
cellular
steps
transmission,
propose
a
framework
overall
improve
our
capacity
characterize
benign,
interest,
concern.
