Therapeutic Approaches for COVID-19: A Review of Antiviral Treatments, Immunotherapies, and Emerging Interventions

Advances in Therapy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 8, 2025

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global health crisis, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has presented unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems, leading rapid advances in treatment development. This review comprehensively examines current therapeutic approaches for managing COVID-19, including direct-acting antivirals, immunomodulators, anticoagulants, and adjuvant therapies, as well emerging experimental approaches. Direct-acting antivirals target various stages of viral life cycle, offering specific intervention points, while immunomodulators aim modulate host's immune response, reducing severity. Anticoagulant therapies address coagulopathy frequently observed cases, treatments provide supportive care improve overall outcomes. We also explore limitations implementing these treatments, such drug resistance, variable patient responses, access especially resource-limited settings. discusses future perspectives, potential next-generation vaccines, personalized medicine, collaboration shaping COVID-19 paradigms. Continuous innovation, combined with an integrated adaptable approach, will be crucial effectively mitigating impact pandemics.

Language: Английский

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Systematic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants’ impact on B and T cell epitopes

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 19(9), P. e0307873 - e0307873

Published: Sept. 19, 2024

Introduction Epitopes are specific structures in antigens that recognized by the immune system. They widely used context of immunology-related applications, such as vaccine development, drug design, and diagnosis / treatment prevention disease. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has represented main point interest within viral genomic surveillance community last four years. Its ability to mutate acquire new characteristics while it reorganizes into variants been analyzed from many perspectives. Understanding how epitopes impacted mutations accumulate on protein level cannot be underrated. Methods With a focus Omicron-named lineages, including WHO-designated Variants Interest, we propose workflow for data retrieval, integration, analysis pipeline conducting database-wide study impact lineages’ characterizing all T cell B linear collected Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) SARS-CoV-2. Results Our allows us showcase novel qualitative quantitative results 1) coverage proteins deposited epitopes; 2) distribution mutated across Omicron variants; 3) epitopes. discussed based type epitope, response frequency assays, sample size. proposed can reproduced at any time, given updated variant characterizations IEDB, thereby guaranteeing observe landscape mutations’ demand. Conclusion A big data-driven one provided here inform next policies combatting future epidemic viruses.

Language: Английский

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Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Dec. 28, 2024

Abstract Understanding the dynamics of antibody responses following vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for informing effective strategies other public health interventions. This study investigates in a Puerto Rican cohort, analyzing how IgG levels vary by status previous infection. We assess waning immunity distribution hybrid with aim to inform programs Rico similar settings. conducted prospective, longitudinal cohort identify infections related outcomes Ponce, Rico, from June 2020–August 2022. Participants provided self-collected nasal swabs every week serum six months RT-PCR testing, respectively. reactivity against nucleocapsid (N) antigens, which generally indicate infection, spike (S1) receptor-binding domain (RBD) history either or vaccination, was assessed using Luminex Corporation xMAP® Multi-Antigen Assay. Prior defined positive RT-PCRs, categorized predominant circulating variant at event time. Demographic information, medical history, COVID-19 were collected through standardized questionnaires. Of 882 participants included our analysis, 34.0% experienced least one most (78.7%) occurring during Omicron wave (December 2021 onwards). prevalence increased over time, reaching 98.4% final collection, 67.0% attributable alone, 1.6% 31.4% both. Regardless prior status, RBD S1 gradually declined two vaccine doses. A third dose boosted these showed slower decline N-antibody peaked surge waned Vaccination individuals elicited highest durable responses. N seropositivity associated lower odds subsequent PCR test period, antibodies showing stronger association. By elucidating differential decay complexities response this strengthens foundation developing targeted interventions strategies.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 on Oral Health: A New Bilateral Connection for the Pandemic

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 60 - 60

Published: Dec. 26, 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission are generally known to be produced by droplets aerosols from the oral cavity (O.C.) of infected subjects, as stated World Health Organization. Saliva also retains viral particles aids in spread COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme Type (ACE2) transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) two numerous factors that promote SARS-CoV-2 infection, expressed O.C. structures, various mucosa types, epithelia salivary glands. A systemic might result replication cells. On other hand, cellular damage different subtypes associated with clinical signs symptoms. Factors interfering potential represent fertile ground for possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine virus entry O.C., finally representing a way reduce COVID-19 incidence severity.

Language: Английский

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Coronil biochemically inhibits the interaction of various clinically relevant mutants of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins (Omicron Variants) with human ACE2 receptor

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 19, 2024

Background Accumulating evidence suggests that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has several times more affinity to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) compared RBD original covid-19 strain This increased is responsible for its internalization and infectivity.Methods In present study, impact Coronil, a tri-herbal formulation extracts from Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Ocimum sanctum on properties spike proteins (S proteins) was investigated. Compositional analysis Coronil performed by Prominence-XR UHPLC system. The ELISA-based ACE2 inhibition assay delineate effect interaction between different such as BA.4/BA5, XBB, BA.2.75.2, BA4.6/BF.7, BQ.1.1, recently found protein JN.1 which thought emerge BA.2.86.Results showed dose-dependent inhibitory interactions domains all variants evaluated in this study including emerged, highly transmissible JN.1. Although, significantly reduced percentage almost proteins, maximum achieved against BA.4/BA.5 where it inhibited S – even at low concentration 3 µg/ml (16.6%). further 60.3 84.6% 100 300 respectively.Conclusions capability inhibit with may interfere viral resulting infectivity these variants. Overall, our data underscores potential combating various newly emerged These findings provide basis studies clinical effectiveness

Language: Английский

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Coronil effectively inhibits the interaction of clinically relevant Omicron mutants of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins with human ACE2 receptor

Phytomedicine Plus, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(1), P. 100705 - 100705

Published: Dec. 2, 2024

Language: Английский

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