BCG's role in strengthening immune responses: Implications for tuberculosis and comorbid diseases DOI Creative Commons

Nilofer Naqvi,

Yashika Ahuja,

Sheeba Zarin

et al.

Infection Genetics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 105703 - 105703

Published: Dec. 1, 2024

The BCG vaccine represents a significant milestone in the prevention of tuberculosis (TB), particularly children. Researchers have been developing recombinant (rBCG) variants that can trigger lasting memory responses, thereby enhancing protection against TB adults. breakdown immune surveillance is key link between and other communicable non-communicable diseases. Notably, more prevalent among people with comorbidities such as HIV, diabetes, cancer, influenza, COVID-19, autoimmune disorders. rBCG formulations potential to address both HIV co-pandemics. increases risk lung cancer immunosuppression caused by reactivate latent infections. Moreover, BCG's efficacy extends bladder treatment blood glucose regulation patients diabetes TB. Additionally, provides cross-protection unrelated pathogens, emphasizing importance BCG-induced trained immunity COVID-19 respiratory Furthermore, reduced severity pulmonary TB-induced influenza virus Recent studies proposed innovations delivery, revaccination, attenuation techniques. Disease-centered research has highlighted immunomodulatory effects on TB, complex relationship requires nuanced re-evaluation understand shared attributes regulated BCG. This review assessed interconnected relationships influenced administration related disorders, recommending expanded use healthcare. Collaboration stakeholders vital enhance global health challenges.

Language: Английский

Mathematical analysis of COVID-19 and TB co-infection dynamics with optimal control DOI

Kshama Jain,

Anuradha Bhattacharjee,

Srikumar Krishnamurhty

et al.

Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Jan. 8, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
An Age-stratified Mathematical Model for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Co-infection with Optimal Control DOI Open Access

Robert Maina,

Mathew Kinyanjui,

Samuel Mwalili

et al.

Applied and Computational Mathematics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 37 - 63

Published: Jan. 14, 2025

One significant risk factor that is considered to contribute Kenya’s TB burden HIV. one of the most common opportunistic infections associated with HIV, and HIV infection increases developing active disease in individuals latent infection. Due their compromised immune systems, increased susceptibility reactivation, people have a higher probability attaining TB. This study develops an age-stratified mathematical model optimal control for co-infection The model’s reproduction number, as well equilibrium endemic disease-free states been computed. Least Squares technique minimization has be used determine parameters. antiretroviral therapy treatment adherence tuberculosis optimization. Runge-Kutta 𝒪(<i>h</i><sup>4</sup>) solve system differential equations its high accuracy flexibility. Results from numerical simulations show ART best intervention earlier stages (HIV TB). those affected coinfection on later stage Considering viral load suppression prevention, effective children prevention adults. results this research can by Ministry Health (MOH) emphasis interventions basis tool recreated other co-infections.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
PBPK Modeling to Recommend Nevirapine Dosing in HIV and HIV-TB Co-infected Patients: Leveraging Enzyme Auto-Induction, Drug Interactions, and Ethnic Variability DOI

Xuexin Ye,

Feiyan Liu,

Zeneng Cheng

et al.

The AAPS Journal, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 27(2)

Published: March 12, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Metabolic Reprogramming in HIV+ CD4+ T-Cells: Implications for Immune Dysfunction and Therapeutic Targets in M. tuberculosis Co-Infection DOI Creative Commons

Suheena Ayrga,

Gerrit Koorsen

Metabolites, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(5), P. 285 - 285

Published: April 22, 2025

Background/Objectives: HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) co-infection presents a major global health burden. The immune response to M.tb is largely orchestrated by cluster of differentiation 4-positive (CD4+) T cells, with CD8+ cells playing an auxiliary role. This study aims investigate the immunometabolic CD4+ antigens, analysed using metabolomics, elucidate metabolic shifts that may influence function in HIV+ environment. Methods: Whole blood samples from newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve individuals were stimulated antigens early secreted antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) QuantiFERON® (QFT) Gold Plus assay. Following incubation, plasma through untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Metabolomic data processed MetaboAnalyst, differential metabolites identified multivariate statistical analyses. Results: Metabolic profiling PBMCs revealed distinct differences between CD4+/CD8+ T-cell activation. exhibited enhanced glycolysis, elevated levels are linked Warburg effect. Additionally, vitamin D found correlate certain metabolites, suggesting role modulating responses. Conclusions: These findings suggest complex interplay cell metabolism activation individuals. demonstrates significantly influences broader profile peripheral mononuclear (PBMCs), highlighting altered pathways critical responses disease progression. contribute understanding immunometabolism emphasise need for further research into targeted interventions.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Optimizing Treatment: The Role of Pharmacology, Genomics, and AI in Improving Patient Outcomes DOI
Fazil Ahmad

Drug Development Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 86(3)

Published: April 26, 2025

ABSTRACT Recent advances in pharmacology are revolutionizing drug discovery and treatment strategies through personalized medicine, pharmacogenomics, artificial intelligence (AI). The objective of the present study is to review role AI‐based optimizing patient outcomes with improved efficacy reduced side effects. A comprehensive was performed debate utility pharmacogenomics prediction response, AI discovery, medicine clinic. This highlights how techniques evolving aid AI. Personalized makes fit DNA pattern for higher minimal Pharmacogenomics forecasts action a terms genetic difference. speeds up enhance effectiveness accuracy finding evaluating leads. Studies show that customized charts therapy an individual patient's profile, resulting better therapy. facilitates precise selection by considering variations, reducing adverse reactions. applying predictive modeling data‐driven evaluation propel optimized development pathways. Together, these enabling more efficient safer practices across medical disciplines. combination pharmacology, genomics, contemporary healthcare personalization treatments, safety, therapeutic outcomes. future research should be on overcoming ethical regulatory issues facilitate broader clinical implementation.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection DOI Creative Commons
Manoj Mandal, David Pires, José Miguel Azevedo‐Pereira

et al.

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(5), P. 1040 - 1040

Published: April 30, 2025

Despite continuous and extensive global efforts in the fight against tuberculosis (TB), this infectious disease continues to exert a tremendous burden on public health concerns deaths worldwide. TB, caused by bacterial species Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is highly frequent people living with HIV. The continuing epidemics of both chronic infections emergence antimicrobial resistance, as well lack effective diagnostic tools drug-drug interactions, pose major challenges these pathogens. Developing wide range host-directed therapies may improve treatment outcomes, helping alleviate morbidity mortality associated infections. In review, we discuss identification development new strategies based protease inhibitors their clinical relevance adjunctive treatment. context therapeutic agents novel mechanisms, selective inhibitors, including saquinavir (SQV) cystatins (CstC CstF), are valuable targets that provide solutions for controlling Mtb HIV coinfection.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection: A Public Health Problem That Requires Ongoing Attention DOI Creative Commons
Yinzhong Shen

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(9), P. 1375 - 1375

Published: Aug. 29, 2024

According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2023 Global Tuberculosis Report, in 2022, HIV-positive tuberculosis cases accounted for 6 [...].

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Cystatin F Depletion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages Improves Cathepsin C/Granzyme B-driven Cytotoxic Effects on HIV-Infected Cells during Coinfection. DOI Open Access
Manoj Mandal, David Pires, Marta Calado

et al.

Published: March 28, 2024

Cystatin F (CstF) is a protease inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, including those involved in acti-vating the perforin/granzyme cytotoxic pathways. It targeted to endolysosomal pathway but can also be secreted extracellular milieu or endocytosed by bystander cells. CtsF was shown significantly increased tuberculous pleurisy, and during HIV coinfection, pleural fluids display high viral loads. In human macrophages, we revealed strong upregulation CstF infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). manipulation using RNA si-lencing led proteolytic activity lysosomal improving Mtb intracellular killing. Here, investigate impact depletion coinfection Mtb-infected mac-rophages lymphocytes infected HIV. Our results indicate that decreasing released phagocytes impacts major pro-granzyme convertase cathepsin C immune Consequently, an observed increase granzyme B apoptotic effects leads significant re-duction replication HIV-infected lymphocytes. Overall, our mecha-nism Mtb/HIV evasion mediated pathogen killing driven ax-is CstF/ catC/granzymes contributing this syndemic interaction. Ultimately, knowledge crucial for developing new therapeutic approaches control both pathogens based on manipulating CstF.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Factors Associated with Absence of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV Patients with Latent Tuberculosis, Beyond Isoniazid Preventive Therapy DOI Creative Commons

Shinta Karina Yuniati,

Tutik Kusmiati

International Journal of Mycobacteriology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(3), P. 293 - 298

Published: July 1, 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. About 60% HIV-positive individuals latent TB infection (LTBI) develop active TB. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) recommended by the World Health Organization to prevent progression people living HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). However, IPT implementation has been limited some countries like Indonesia. The objective this study was assess effect administration on incidence HIV

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Treatment Strategies for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection DOI Creative Commons
S.Z.Z. Cobongela,

Tintswalo Mgwenya

IntechOpen eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 3, 2024

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains a critical global health issue, with 1.3 million deaths reported in 2022. Despite available treatments, TB’s high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly low- middle-income countries, are exacerbated the emergence of drug-resistant (DR) strains. The limitations conventional which rely on older drugs developed over 40 years ago, highlight need for advanced treatment strategies. Recent advancements include development approval new drugs, such as Bedaquiline (BDQ), Delamanid (DLM), Pretomanid (PA), offer novel mechanisms action against resistant BDQ, diarylquinoline, inhibits mycobacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, while DLM, nitroimidazole-oxazole, disrupts mycolic acid synthesis bacterial cell wall. targets replicating non-replicating bacteria interfering generating reactive nitrogen species (RNS). introduction these combination regimens six-month Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid (BPaL) regimen, has shown promise reducing duration improving efficacy multi-drug (MDR) extensively MTB infections.

Language: Английский

Citations

1