Deletion of the Human Cytomegalovirus US2 to US11 Gene Family Members Impairs the Type-I Interferon Response

Viruses, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 426 - 426

Published: March 15, 2025

Infection of cells with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) triggers expression interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGs encode proteins antiviral functions, such as inhibiting viral replication, promoting cell death infected and enhancing immune responses. HCMV has evolved mechanisms to evade effects ISGs. The encoded by US7, US8, US9 have been shown interfere interferon induction. US7 are embedded in a cluster genes, termed US2 US11. individual members this gene family on multiple levels innate adaptive responses infection. Using mutants different deletions US11, we addressed question if other than would also influence IFN Surprisingly, deletion complete US11 region led reduced selected Cells viruses which were deleted showed less pronounced reduction experiments including RNA-seq analyses indicate that complex interaction IFN-ISG response is likely regulated level ISG protein stability. As US2–US11 dispensable for replication culture, genomic was frequently used insertion bacterial artificial chromosome vectors process cloning genome. results here must be considered when derived from BACs whether appropriate controls applied.

Language: Английский

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Cytomegalovirus Biology Viewed Through a Cell Death Suppression Lens

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(12), P. 1820 - 1820

Published: Nov. 23, 2024

Cytomegaloviruses, species-specific members of the betaherpesviruses, encode an impressive array immune evasion strategies committed to manipulation host system enabling these viruses remain for life in a stand-off with innate and adaptive mechanisms. Even though they are species-restricted, cytomegaloviruses distributed across wide range different mammalian species which cause systemic infection involving many cell types. Regulated, or programmed death has recognized potential eliminate infected cells prior completion viral replication release progeny. Cell also naturally terminates during final stages replication. Over past two decades, defense known pathways (apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis), as well novel mitochondrial serine protease pathway have been defined through studies cytomegalovirus-encoded suppressors. Such virus-encoded inhibitors prevent virus-induced, cytokine-induced, stress-induced while moderating inflammation. By evading consequent inflammation clearance, represent successful pathogens that become critical disease threat when is compromised. This review will discuss programs acquired against enumerate modulatory this type virus employs balance favor lifelong persistence.

Language: Английский

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A Better Understanding of the Clinical and Pathological Changes in Viral Retinitis: Steps to Improve Visual Outcomes

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(12), P. 2513 - 2513

Published: Dec. 5, 2024

Infectious retinitis, though rare, poses a significant threat to vision, often leading severe and irreversible damage. Various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, tick-borne agents, parasites, fungi, can cause this condition. Among these, necrotizing herpetic retinitis represents critical spectrum of retinal infections primarily caused by herpes viruses such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), simplex (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV). This review underscores the retina’s susceptibility viral infections, focusing on molecular mechanisms through which invade damage tissue, supported clinical preclinical evidence. We also identify existing knowledge gaps propose future research directions deepen our understanding improve therapeutic outcomes.

Language: Английский

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